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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. How many Romans died at Cannae?
(a) 48,000.
(b) 38,000.
(c) 148,000.
(d) 58,000.

2. Where was Polybius of Megalopolis at the start of Chapter 1?
(a) Crossing the Italian Alps.
(b) Crossing the German Alps.
(c) Crossing the Swiss Alps.
(d) Crossing the FrenchAlps.

3. What were Carthaginians using in battle?
(a) Elephants.
(b) Bulls.
(c) Chariots.
(d) Camels.

4. What did archeological finds show about Carthage?
(a) It practiced human sacrifice.
(b) It used mercenaries.
(c) It was a matriarchy.
(d) Infanticide was practiced regularly.

5. What did the Romans do after something failed?
(a) They assessed the situation and learned from it.
(b) They wrote it down for future generations.
(c) They tried something else.
(d) They tried the same thing again.

Short Answer Questions

1. How long after Hannibals's invasion of Italy does Chapter 1 start?

2. What could cause confusion in the Roman army?

3. What did the tablet Polybius studied tell the story of?

4. Why was Polybius brought to Rome?

5. How did Carthaginians in the military rise in rank?

Short Essay Questions

1. What did Polybius examine when he hiked through the Alps?

2. Why did O'Connell address the history of gladiators?

3. What did Aristotle say about the Carthaginian government?

4. What biases came through in Polybius' writings?

5. How did some rise in military ranks?

6. What thrived in Carthage?

7. Who was Titius Livius?

8. What important survivor remained after the Battle at Cannae according to Chapter 1?

9. What was Carthage's reputation?

10. What did military tribunes do for the first time in history according to Chapter 2?

(see the answer keys)

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