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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is a virtual string pair?
(a) A pair of strings created purely in the curled-up dimensions.
(b) A quantum-entangled pair of unwound, massless strings.
(c) A short-lived pair of strings resulting from a normal string splitting momentarily.
(d) A pair of strings that cancel each other out and therefore do no correspond to real particles.

2. What shape allows for the vibrational patterns that we observe in our universe?
(a) The Calabi-Yau space.
(b) The Kaluza-Klein shape.
(c) The Einstein matrix.
(d) The six-dimensional torus.

3. Riemannian geometry describes the following objects: _____.
(a) Curved spaces.
(b) Six-dimensional manifolds.
(c) Finite, unbounded spaces.
(d) N-dimensional spheres.

4. In what important way does string theory affect the cosmological model of the big bang?
(a) The universe started at a certain minimum size.
(b) The big bang created strings, not particles.
(c) The universe is infinite, but has no boundaries.
(d) The big bang could have created multiple universes.

5. It is believed that early on, the universe experienced symmetry breaking, meaning that _____.
(a) Three of the space dimensions expanded asymmetrically compared to the others.
(b) Quantum fluctuations caused different expanding areas to have different energy densities.
(c) The universe expanded very rapidly for a short time.
(d) The three non-gravitational forces were separated out.

Short Answer Questions

1. Which team of researchers discovered the process for altering Calabi-Yau spaces by rupturing them?

2. Greene suggests that black holes may be elementary particles that have undergone _____.

3. What is the traditional method of testing theories in physics?

4. Which of the following methods has been used to determine the shape of the Calabi-Yau space?

5. In ratios of what number do winding energies come?

Short Essay Questions

1. Greene suggests that black holes are very similar to, and might in fact be, elementary particles. What evidence supports this suggestion?

2. What is the relative composition of matter in the universe?

3. What is a virtual string pair, and how is it formed?

4. In the context of the big bang, what is symmetry breaking?

5. How are strings affected by extra dimensions?

6. What is the Calabi-Yau space?

7. How is the shape of the Calabi-Yau space is determined?

8. What is the relationship between the elementary particles and the Calabi-Yau space?

9. How does a black hole's entropy change?

10. Describe Kaluza-Klein theory.

(see the answer keys)

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