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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. When did Octavian become known as Augustus?

2. When did the people of Fregellae attempt to break away from Rome, but were crushed by a Roman army led by Lucius Opimius?

3. What might the population have been in the first two centuries CE?

4. How long did it take to build Vespasian's amphitheater that came to be known as the Colosseum?

5. In the first BCE, how many books did a scholar devote to a history of Latin?

Short Essay Questions

1. What was Corinth and how was it defeated by the Romans?

2. What information did Cicero leave, and how has it helped provide insight into Roman history?

3. What was the uprising of Spartacus?

4. How did emperors gain their fortunes?

5. Why did Cicero serve as a lawyer to prosecute Gaius Verres, and what was the outcome of the case?

6. What was the city of Carthage like, and how did Rome finally defeat it?

7. How did Cicero describe the time when he entertained Caesar for dinner in one of his seaside estates?

8. Why did members of the imperial family often finds themselves in perilous positions?

9. How did Augustus die?

10. What law was a part of Gaius Gracchus's reform program?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Thousands of writings by Cicero are still available today. What information can be gleaned about ordinary people from Cicero’s writings? How would you describe the lives of ordinary people in Rome based on Cicero’s writings?

Essay Topic 2

Beard comments that the history of Rome has changed in the 50 years prior to when she wrote the book. How has Roman history changed? Why does history change?

Essay Topic 3

The Twelve Tables were a step in the creation of Roman law. What were the Twelve Tables? What type of law did they cover? What do the Twelve Tables reveal about Rome?

(see the answer keys)

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