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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. In 1774 Philadelphia, what was the Philadelphia Committee of Nineteen?

2. Who said, "All Christendom has been decomposed, broken in pieces" in this "fiery furnace of democracy"?

3. When did Americans begin to call for the boycotting of British goods?

4. Whose Massachusetts family had done missionary work among the Indians?

5. Who said about Americans that their "universal roar is Commerce"?

Short Essay Questions

1. How was liberalism measured during the Enlightenment?

2. After the signing of the Declaration of Independence, why did the revolutionary leaders almost immediately begin to doubt that their hope of a utopian America would be realized?

3. How did the opinion of a traditional gentleman's assumption of leisure change towards the end of the 18th century?

4. What was hoped to replace fear and favor in enlightened colonial American society? How would the replacement be manifested?

5. Why were the American gentry alarmed at the desire of the common people to share in the conduct of the government?

6. What did individual independence mean to revolutionaries?

7. How did the numerous bankruptcies and financial collapses of the 1790s contribute to the democratization of America?

8. Why did American office holders from 1776 on urge their republican governments to not only pay salaries but to keep raising them?

9. According to John Toland, what is the difference between a man who is free and one who is dependent?

10. Why have historians criticized John Hancock?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

How did the American Revolution change the American people? Specifically, what is the difference between a person who is subject to a monarch and one who is a citizen in a republican nation?

Essay Topic 2

How was the paternal, face-to-face nature of early colonial American society demonstrated by Henry Laurens' acts during the Stamp Act riot in 1765? What specifically did he do and what was the reaction of the rioters? How did the outcome reveal the intact hierarchical structure?

Essay Topic 3

Thomas Hutchinson, a colonial magistrate and the royal governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony during the Boston Tea Party, was one of the most learned and refined men in all of North America. By the early 1770s he was thoroughly hated by the colonists. Explain his colonial history until just before the Revolution and enumerate the reasons he was so hated and his reactions to those who hated him.

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