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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. Who assisted Galileo and Maria Celeste in one particular project?

2. Convents in Italy were different than in other countries because they were permitted to own which of the following?

3. Which Pope was often referred to as the "Poet Pope?"

4. Galileo planned to make a detour on the way to the Vatican to visit his old friend:

5. How old was Maria Celeste when she entered the convent?

Short Essay Questions

1. When did Virginia take her vows? Where did she get the name Maria Celeste?

2. Galileo suffered a tragedy shortly after the trip to Rome. What was the tragedy? What caused it?

3. What did Galileo send to Urban as soon as it was proper to do so? What was Galileo's hope in regards to a new relationship with an old friend?

4. Discuss some of the complaints the Galileis had regarding various illnesses.

5. What was the major difference in the opportunities given to Vincenzio as opposed to those given to Maria Celeste and Arcangela?

6. Who were the other two Galilei children? What was their place in the family?

7. Which scientist most influenced the work of Galileo? What was Galileo's intention with his experiments?

8. Urban was highly impressed with Galileo's work. Which new work struck the Pope as being brilliant? What did Galileo write in the dedication?

9. What were the accolades and criticisms following Pope Urban's inauguration?

10. How severe was the presence of the plague in Rome in the 1600s? When was the worst period in history for the plague? How does Sobel refer to the returning plague?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Galileo's Dialogues are often referred to as a journal of sorts. The dialogues contain some fiction along with science and an accounting of Galileo's activities. Write a synopsis of the Dialogues. Include references to famous people of the day.

Essay Topic 2

Livia and Virginia remained illegitimate, even though Galileo claimed the daughters as his own. Vincenzio, on the other hand, was legitimized by the Church. Why? Explain why Vincenzio was treated differently. What did it mean to be "legitimized?" How did it affect Vincenzio's career? How did the act change Galileo's career?

Essay Topic 3

Galileo was charged with blasphemy and heresy. What is the definition of each? Do both apply to Galileo? Who decides if someone is guilty of either or both? What is the punishment? Is the punishment set forth by the government or Church? Give examples of how Galileo allegedly committed either or both of the crimes. List the specific reason cited in the trial, proof, and outcome.

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