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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. Executive Order 10925 was signed into effect on what date?

2. Tatum writes in Part III, Understanding Whiteness in a White Context, Chapter 7, White Identity and Affirmative Action, that only when Whites understand what can they understand the rationale for affirmative action?

3. When did the Virginia General Assembly pass "The Racial Integrity Act" and "The Sterilization Act"?

4. Tatum writes in Part III, Understanding Whiteness in a White Context, Chapter 6, The Development of White Identity that many Whites' only sense of Whiteness is that it is "normal," but true, positive white identity should be based in what?

5. What is the first of three stages of racial consciousness in minority groups delineated in Jean Phinney's model of ethnic identity development?

Short Essay Questions

1. What is the impact of the "one-drop" rule in history, as discussed in Part IV, Beyond Black and White, Chapter 9, Identity Development in Multiracial Families?

2. What conceptions of affirmative action does Tatum distinguish between in Part III, Understanding Whiteness in a White Context, Chapter 7, White Identity and Affirmative Action?

3. What is the first ethnic/racial group that the author addresses in Part IV, Beyond Black and White, Chapter 8, Critical Issues in Latino, American Indian, and Asian Pacific American Identity Development? Who comprises this group?

4. At what age is biracial identity concreted, according to the author in Part IV, Beyond Black and White, Chapter 9, Identity Development in Multiracial Families?

5. What stages of white identity development does the author describe in Part III, Understanding Whiteness in a White Context, Chapter 6, The Development of White Identity?

6. How does the author assert whites learn about racism in Part III, Understanding Whiteness in a White Context, Chapter 6, The Development of White Identity?

7. What is the author's conclusion about forming racial identity within minority groups in Part IV, Beyond Black and White, Chapter 8, Critical Issues in Latino, American Indian, and Asian Pacific American Identity Development?

8. What reactions can result from attempts to relate one's subculture to a broader culture, according to the author in Part IV, Beyond Black and White, Chapter 8, Critical Issues in Latino, American Indian, and Asian Pacific American Identity Development?

9. How does the author suggest that Whites deal with their struggle with Whiteness positively in Part III, Understanding Whiteness in a White Context, Chapter 6, The Development of White Identity?

10. What leads to silence regarding racial dialogue, according to the author in Part V, Breaking the Silence, Chapter 10, Embracing a Cross-Racial Dialogue?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Describe William Cross and the five stages of "nigrescence." When did Cross develop his theories of racial development?

Essay Topic 2

Define and discuss the terms "people of color" and reverse racism. How does the author choose to use these terms and why?

Essay Topic 3

Discuss the period of history when the author studied at university and the racial climate in America during this time. How did this affect the author's racial identity development?

(see the answer keys)

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