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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. What kind of disease can cause the brain to diminish in size before death?

2. "We now encounter the second ____________ - ranking..."

3. What does Socrates believe all people should be?

4. David Hume was a believer in the superiority of the _______ and polygeny.

5. Gould says the manner in which ___________ are formulated is also problematic to studies.

Short Essay Questions

1. What were some of the additional factors Gratiolet studied in order to determine the effect of brain size?

2. What did Blumenbach believe the anatomical structure differences between blacks and whites were the result of?

3. What is Socrates' idea as to how classes and categories will be formed in relation to people in a society?

4. If given the races of Indian, Black, and White, how would these be ranked, according to the early craniometry methods?

5. Why did Broca feel women should be denied the benefits of education?

6. What does Gould want to define ranking as?

7. What does Gould logically assume to be true in relation to the contents of the brain?

8. What does Gould want to study in relation to the science related to the arguments for biological determinism?

9. What does Gould have to say about science in relation to the facts it collects?

10. Define the idea of polygenism.

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Monogenism and polygenism began the discussion that evolved into the idea of one kind of person being better than another kind of person. But that's where many of the troubles, Gould feels, also began.

Part 1: Define the idea of mongenism.

Part 2: Define the idea of polygenism.

Part 3: Which of these two ideas seems to be the most realistic? Why? Support your answer with information from the book.

Essay Topic 2

The idea of ranking people is the primary focus of this book. When we can rank people, we can classify them as more or less valuable to society, it seems.

Part 1: What are some of the other benefits of ranking people in this world?

Part 2: What are the disadvantages of ranking people in society?

Part 3: How are some ways we rank people already? Are there already systems of ranking present in this world? What are they? How do they work? Are they effective?

Essay Topic 3

One of the popular craniometry scientists was Robert Bennett Bean. This Virginian physician again tried to find the differences between whites and blacks in order to prove the disparity of intelligence.

Part 1: What did Bean gather data on for his research study?

Part 2: What was Bean claiming as the results of his research? What were the differences between the two races?

Part 3: What were 2 of the 4 arguments Gould had again Bean's research?

(see the answer keys)

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