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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. _________ believed there could be no individual without society.

2. ____________ lobbied Congress to help create a National Academy of Science.

3. Holmes sat on the Supreme Court for _______ years.

4. During the Civil War _________ spent ninety days with the Newport Artillery, but then spent the rest of the war studying medicine at Harvard.

5. Before the war, Holmes considered _________ to be the center of intellectual thinking, like his father before him.

Short Essay Questions

1. Why did many people fear the idea of mathematical laws, such as the Law of Errors?

2. Why did John Dewey eventually become interested in philosophy as the main direction of his work?

3. How was is said that Swedenborn created his religion, later becoming a religious leader?

4. What happened with the job that Wright had with the American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac?

5. Why did many of the Civil War soldiers felt their friends and family were dying during the war?

6. What did Quetlet use the method of least squares for when he was doing his own research?

7. Why did Marsh dislike the idea of liberal individualism when it was created by Locke?

8. How did the Abolitionists view the Unionists during the period of the Civil War?

9. What was based on a combination of the theory of probability and statistics?

10. What happened during the Battle of the Wilderness, according to historical records?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

The question of slavery is often one that is treated on moral grounds these days as opposed to the grounds on which it was judged before slavery was abolished.

Part 1: Why do you think some people believed that slavery was okay?

Part 2: Do you think slavery was a necessary evil for society to have during that time?

Part 3: Why do you think that slavery is still allowed in certain parts of the world today?

Essay Topic 2

Agassiz decided to teach others about science through the use of observation and of hands on experience.

Part 1: Why do you think observation is such a helpful teaching tool in relation to science?

Part 2: Why do you think hands on experience is such a helpful teaching method in relation to science?

Part 3: Do you prefer hands on learning? Why or why not?

Essay Topic 3

To a certain extent, many of the families of the thinkers had certain advantages over other families in the area.

Part 1: Do you think it's fair for some families to have advantages in relation to education? Why or why not?

Part 2: If the educational playing field could be completely level, do you think there could be great thinkers? Why or why not?

Part 3: Why do you think so many of the thinkers in this story had the success they did?

(see the answer keys)

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