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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Schrodinger and others theorized that genes had what role in life?
(a) They are a kind of code for identifying an organism.
(b) They are a kind of code for constructing an human cells.
(c) They are a kind of marker for cell multification.
(d) They are a kind of code for constructing an organism.

2. The universe has performed how many "operations"?
(a) 10 to the 120th power "operations."
(b) An infinite number of "operations."
(c) Over ten trillion "operations."
(d) 10 to the 100th power "operations."

3. What did Shannon bring to one of his meetings?
(a) A computer.
(b) A robot.
(c) A computer scientist.
(d) A newly developed programming language.

4. "Entropy" was first used by what individual to describe the unavailability of energy?
(a) Isaac Newton.
(b) Albert Einstein.
(c) Rudolph Clausius.
(d) Galileo Galilei.

5. What happened to the library that once held all known information?
(a) It was destroyed when Sparta burned.
(b) It was burned when Alexandria was conquered.
(c) It was buried during an eruption of Etna.
(d) It was abandoned at Oxford when it was felt that there was too much information to store.

Short Answer Questions

1. What did cosmologist George Gamow immediately recognize about DNA as a code and proposed that it could be deciphered mathematically?

2. What are genes?

3. What does the word "entropy" describe in relationship to thermodynamics?

4. How do scientists categorize catchphrases like "Survival of the fittest" and "Read my lips"?

5. Why is the randomness of numbers difficult to define?

Short Essay Questions

1. What was the "Library of Babel" that was described in a story by Jorge Luis Borges?

2. What is the normal state of molecules in a system? Describe that arrangement.

3. What was mathematician Gregory Chatin's concept on entropy?

4. What are examples of memes?

5. What has research shown about entangled particles and the transference of information?

6. What was found to be the make-up of DNA and what did these properties allow?

7. Norbert Weiner based his theory on what system of the human body?

8. How did Gregory Chaitin characterize random numbers?

9. What did psychologist George Miller discover about a person's ability to remember?

10. What estimates did Seth Lloyd, a quantum engineer at MIT, make about the power of the universe?

(see the answer keys)

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