The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
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Obsidian is volcanic glass with a chemical composition similar to that of rhyolite or granite. It is most commonly black, although greenish to reddish and banded varieties also occur. In addition to its dark color and glassy luster, obsidian is characterized by bowl-shaped or concave conchoidal fractures.
In the hands of a skilled practitioner, obsidian can be worked into razor sharp stone tools such as knives and spear points. Thus, obsidian tools are often found during archaeological excavations. Obsidian is also used for scalpel blades by some modern surgeons because obsidian blades can be sharper and thinner than their steel counterparts.
Obsidian is formed from silica-rich lava that cools too quickly for crystals to grow. The result is a glass that does not possess the regular crystal structure of minerals in rhyolite and granite, even though all three have the same general chemical composition. The lack of crystal structure is also responsible for the conchoidal fractures characteristic of obsidian. The dark color of obsidian is due to the presence of iron oxide minerals distributed throughout the otherwise clear glass. Magnetite produces black obsidian, whereas more highly oxidized hematite produces reddish varieties. Because its silica content makes it extremely viscous, the rhyolitic lava that freezes into obsidian is extremely resistant to flow and obsidian is most commonly found in small dome-like bodies very close to volcanic vents.
Obsidian artifacts and outcrops can be dated using the thickness of a hydration rind that forms when water vapor diffuses into a freshly broken surface. The age of the fresh surface is estimated by comparing the rind thickness with the results of a mathematical model of water vapor diffusion through obsidian. Rind thickness was originally estimated using optical microscopes, but recently developed techniques such as secondary ionization mass spectrometry provide more accurate measurements of the rind thickness. When applied to artifacts, the method gives the age of fractures produced when a human made the tool; when applied to rock outcrops, it gives the age of fractures presumably produced during or shortly after the eruption.
Dating Methods; Minerals; Pumice; Volcanic Eruptions; Volcanic Vent; Volcano