Since 1988, discussions related to the topic of iconography as a form of visible religion have expanded the boundaries previously established by Ernst Cassirer (1874–1945), Ernst Gombrich (1909–2001), Suzanne Langer (1895–1985), Erwin Panofsky (1892–1968), and Aby Warburg (1866–1929). The forms and directions of research questions have been reshaped and re-formulated as the study of religion has been effected by the widening boundaries of gender studies, investigations of the body, and the study of economic, ethnic, engendered, and/or racial minorities. The study of art, ranging from art history through theories of appreciation, aesthetics, and art criticism has been expanded similarly to incorporate material culture, popular culture, and visual culture. The growing recognition among religious scholars of the significance and meaning of the iconographic elements in film, television, video, photography, and the mass media was prompted by the studies of Lynn Schofield Clark, Gregor Goethals...