Over the centuries, the terms "Confucian" and "Confucianism" have been constructed in different ways, both in China and in the West. The adjective "Confucian" here is used loosely, referring not only to the writings of Confucius (551–479 BCE) but also to that larger body of learning and praxis transmitted in other (often older) ancient classical texts and their later commentaries (which are being compiled to this day). This collection of works is very diverse and its boundaries are difficult to determine. The more important titles, which date to Warring States times (403–221 BCE) or earlier, are the Book of Odes (Shijing), Book of Documents (Shangshu), Book of Rites (Liji), Master Zuo's Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu Zuozhuan), and the Analects of Confucius. Somewhat later is the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) Book of Filial Piety (Xiaojing). The term "iconography" is used here in a very general...