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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. What do Karlsefni and his men find when they stop for a fortnight when they sail south?

2. What did Haki and Hekja leave to do?

3. What is morale like the last Winter in Vinland?

4. Who is Einar?

5. What is found in abundance on the island near Straumfjord?

Short Essay Questions

1. When food runs scarce, Thorhall disappears for three days. How and where do Karlsefni and Bjarni find him? What does he say he was doing?

2. Explain the encounter with the uniped.

3. How does Freydis drive away the natives giving chase?

4. What is the relationship between Thorbjorn and Orm? How does it change with events?

5. What kind of place to Karlsefni and his men settle in for their stay in Vinland?

6. Explain what happens during Thorstein and Eirik's trip to Vinland, and what they do for the crew at the end of it.

7. Describe Thorhall and explain why he is on the expedition to Vinland.

8. How do Haki and Hekja come to be on the expedition to Vinland? Where are they from?

9. Explain the affair of the Christmas feast, and what secondary function the Christmas feast ended up serving.

10. What prophecy does Gudrid hear about her future? Who tells her this future?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

What are the Icelandic Sagas?

Part 1. What are the Icelandic Sagas? When were they written and by whom?

Part 2. Why are the Icelandic Sagas important historically? What do we know from them?

Part 3. Summarize and analyze the content of the Vinland sagas.

Essay Topic 2

Write an essay about the Hebrides and the role of the Vikings in their history.

Part 1. Where are the Hebrides? What is their geology like? Give an introduction to the Hebrides.

Part 2. Why might have the Hebrides been so aptly suited to Viking settlements? Explain the safety and accessibility of the Hebrides.

Part 3. When did Vikings first arrive on the Hebrides? How long did they stay? Give examples and cite particulars.

Part 4. What evidence remains, archeological and otherwise, of the Viking occupation of the Hebrides?

Essay Topic 3

Write an essay on the runic alphabets.

Part 1. When were the runic alphabets used?

Part 2. What different runic alphabets are there? How do they differ from each other?

Part 3. What runic alphabet did the Vikings use? Give particulars of this alphabet.

Part 4. Give an example of how to translate something into runes.

(see the answer keys)

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