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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. To what was the pre-human arm metaphorically compared?
(a) A whooping crane and its beak.
(b) A construction crane and its operator.
(c) A fulcrum.
(d) A block and tackle.

2. What does Charles Sherrington claim about the tip of the thumb and index finger?
(a) They have more nerve endings than the other fingers.
(b) They are unable to feel tiny movements.
(c) They are unable to distinguish different types of movement.
(d) They are treated like the sensitive part of the retina.

3. What does Galen discover?
(a) Pairs of muscles must pull in the same direction for action.
(b) Ligaments pull muscles in the same direction for pulling and in opposite directions for pushing
(c) Pairs of muscles are required to pull against each other for action.
(d) Muscles cannot pull without ligaments acting in opposition.

4. What does Duchenne figure out how to demonstrate?
(a) The way a muscle expands in order to pull.
(b) The way a muscle contracts in order to push.
(c) The way an electrical charge stops movement.
(d) The physiology of movement.

5. Until recently, how have anthropologists perceived ape and human hands?
(a) As functionally very different.
(b) As structurally equivalent.
(c) As functionally equivalent.
(d) As structurally radically different.

6. For what does the thumb have to be long enough?
(a) To have two joints.
(b) To touch the last finger at its base.
(c) To bend at a 90 degree angle.
(d) To reach the fingertips.

7. What is one term related to the scale of movement required by two hands acting in partnership?
(a) Macromedian.
(b) Iconometric.
(c) Macrometric.
(d) Melometric.

8. How many muscles that are attached to the thumb enable it to do its work?
(a) Four.
(b) Eight or nine.
(c) Twelve or thirteen.
(d) About six.

9. What does the author say is a choreographed skill?
(a) Making breakfast while on the phone and reading the newspaper.
(b) Getting the children ready for school while planning your day at the office.
(c) Making sure a person performs all their morning abulations.
(d) The way the hand performs thousands of activities.

10. According to Charles Sherrington, what are sensors to the target object?
(a) The retina and the palm.
(b) The fngertips and the palm.
(c) The palm and the nerves in the cerebral cortex.
(d) The retina and fingertips.

11. What does Charles Bell say practice enables?
(a) The juggler to manage a dozen or more objects.
(b) The juggler to juggle and chew gum at the same time.
(c) The hand and eye to develop as sense organs.
(d) The juggler to talk and juggle at the same time.

12. What is pad-to-side?
(a) One type of grip.
(b) A way of moving the fingers.
(c) A way of rotating the wrist.
(d) A way to practice rock climbing.

13. What does Frederick Wood Jones note about the hand?
(a) It can be an instrument of good or evil.
(b) It is actually the brain in control rather than the hand.
(c) It is not as important as the tongue.
(d) It is only as good as the mind wishes it to be.

14. Who is Sir Charles Bell?
(a) A Scottish surgeon who is a contemporary of Charles Darwin.
(b) A famous Irish composer.
(c) A famous Scottish composer.
(d) The only British doctor who performs surgery even after the loss of one hand.

15. Where does the hand's optimal strength lie when rock climbing?
(a) Position.
(b) Heel of hand.
(c) Fingertips.
(d) Grip.

Short Answer Questions

1. How does the brain teach itself in order to juggle?

2. What is the critical significance of the paddle in Duchenne's model?

3. What is the strength of a climber's grip on a rock face?

4. Who describes the hand as the "consummation of all perfection as an instrument"?

5. Who is Robin Dunbar?

(see the answer keys)

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