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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. Valdimar Jonsson is a professor of what?

2. What is Thorbjorn Sigurgeirsson's vocation?

3. Results of the U.S. Army Air Corps' actions on an insulating vent on Mauna Loa volcano in 1935 cannot be confirmed because:

4. The Civil Defense Council in the Reykjavik National Emergency Center is established in 1962 as what?

5. In Heimaey, who is Sveinn Eiriksson?

Short Essay Questions

1. What is the population of Iceland's Heimaey before and after the 1973 eruptions?

2. How does the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration protect its sensitive, expensive equipment against damaging lava in Hawaii?

3. Describe how workers are able to walk upon lava fields as they try to cool down the lava on Heimaey in 1973.

4. How do the working crews stop the large chunk of mountain from crashing into Heimaey's town and port?

5. What is the "City Flow?"

6. Is there any warning prior to the eruption in Heimaey that began on January 23, 1973?

7. What hazards do workers face as they try to stop the lava flows?

8. What role does Magnus Magnusson play during the 1973 volcanic eruptions in Heimaey?

9. How do residents of Heimaey benefit from the cooling but still hot lava after the 1973 eruptions?

10. Describe work crews' first attempts at cooling off the lava flows of Heimaey in 1973.

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Describe three or four of the key players in the quest to cool lava on the island off the coast of Iceland. Who are these individuals? How do they contribute to the effort and the final outcome? Do their backgrounds and character traits help or hinder their efforts?

Essay Topic 2

Explain how the work crews, commanders, and scientists in "Cooling The Lava" learn by trial and error.

1. What mistakes do they make along the way?

2. What do they learn from these mistakes, and how do they adapt?

3. What might the outcome have been had they not been as flexible in their approach?

Essay Topic 3

1. Why do people begin to settle in the Atchafalaya-Mississippi region? How do these communities go from being small settlements to large cities that support many important industries?

2. What brings newcomers to the Los Angeles County region where the coastal plains meet the mountains? How do the communities in this region grow and transform over time?

3. Keeping in mind the costs and resources involved, do you feel that protecting the communities in southern Louisiana and in southern California is worthwhile? Why or why not?

(see the answer keys)

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