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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. What was the Constitution based upon?

2. What practice among Northern factories did John C. Calhoun condemn?

3. How did the Founders design ruling institutions?

4. Why did Wendell Phillips become estranged from William Lloyd Garrison?

5. According to Hofstadter, what type of politician was Abraham Lincoln?

Short Essay Questions

1. Why does Hofstadter compare John C. Calhoun to Karl Marx?

2. Why did some free states in the West not want freed slaves residing in their states?

3. Why didn't the Founders want to establish a monarchy?

4. How did the American aristocracy establish their social hierarchy in the 18th and 19th centuries?

5. What is an agrarian lifestyle?

6. How did Abraham Lincoln initiate war without ordering the Union Army to attack?

7. What was abolitionism?

8. How did Andrew Jackson ensure that his policies would be enforced long after he left office?

9. How did the Founders plan to meet the needs of differing classes and interests?

10. How did Abraham Lincoln rise to power?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Describe the meaning of the phrase "civil liberties." What civil liberties did the Founders wish for all American citizens to have? How does the Constitution affect the civil liberties of American citizens? Which groups of Americans were not initially guaranteed all civil liberties as described by the Constitution and when did they receive those liberties?

Essay Topic 2

How did aggressive land speculation lead to the threat of economic instability in the early 19th century? What role did the Bank of the United States play in this event? How did Andrew Jackson use this situation to his political and financial advantage?

Essay Topic 3

What is "wage slavery" and how did it affect Americans in the 19th century? How did wage slavery differ from the slavery endured by many African-Americans at that time? What strategies were developed to end wage slavery?

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