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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. In 1989, with whose portrait did some older women replace their portraits of Lenin?

2. Where did Yelena Chukovskaya send an article appealing to the government to return Solzhenitsyn's citizenship?

3. What was the radical opposition faction called that Sakharov, Yeltsin, and Popov put together in the legislature?

4. On July 29, what power did Yeltsin want Gorbachev to give to the republics?

5. Who was the most popular politician in the Soviet Union according to "Argumenti i Fakti"?

Short Essay Questions

1. What was the Baltic strategy to achieve independence?

2. What happened when Gorbachev withdrew his support for the 500 Days plan?

3. What happened to General Matvei Shaposhnikov when he refused to fire on unarmed mine workers in Novocherkassk in 1962?

4. What did Yuri Savenko, president of the Independent Psychiatric Association, think about the Ministry of Health's cooperation with Kashpirovsky's broadcasts?

5. What happened when the tanks were sent to Lithuania in January 1991?

6. Why during World War II did Aleksandr Yakovlev survive after being wounded?

7. How did Yeltsin win his first battle inside the "horror house" of the Soviet system?

8. In 1991, why were the Kremlin hard-liners terrified of the strikes?

9. What did Sakharov try to tell Gorbachev one evening during the first Congress session?

10. Describe Shcharansky's celebration of Hanukkah in Perm-35.

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Throughout the book, Remnick provides examples of times the Party attempted to block the words of various writers. At the beginning of Chapter 24 is a quote: "What is written with a pen cannot be hacked away even by an ax." Using examples from the book, argue that words can or cannot be forever destroyed by violence.

Essay Topic 2

Remnick refers to September of 1990 as a Black September and mentions three omens that occur. Use examples from the book to explain the meaning of these three omens and why they indicated that something ominous was about to happen in the Soviet Union.

Essay Topic 3

The poem "Requiem" by Anna Akhmatova became a voice for the organization Memorial. Explain how the poem and the experiences of the poet made this poem a suitable voice and a credo for remembering the victims of the Soviet regime.

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