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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. How does the Dunbar-Ortiz describe the Iraq War?

2. Which ideology stated that the U.S. had a God-given right to spread across the continent, from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean?

3. Which presidential administration was responsible for the Louisiana purchase?

4. Which Secretary of War advocated for the absolute extinction of Native communities?

5. Which of the following Native nations was a member of the Five Civilized Tribes?

Short Essay Questions

1. What factors led the Sioux to become economically dependent on the U.S. government during the 1800s?

2. What did rural white citizens hope would result from President Jackson's administration?

3. What was the purpose of the Buffalo Soldiers and other Western armies?

4. In the 1800s, the Bureau of Indian Affairs used funds allocated for Native populations. What did they do with this money?

5. Who were the Colorado Volunteers?

6. During the early 1800s, young Natives often opposed their elders' attitude toward settler-colonists. What did these young people believe?

7. Who was Josiah Strong?

8. In 1871, Congress created a rider to the Indian Appropriation Act. What did this rider state?

9. After the Revolutionary War, what was the purpose of militias?

10. What strategies did the U.S. military use against both Native populations and the Filipinos?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Territories within North American were required to achieve a certain demographic balance to attain statehood. How did these requirements lead to an ethnic cleansing of Native populations? Write an essay discussing the impact of these policies on both settler groups and Native communities.

Essay Topic 2

In Chapter 8, Dunbar-Ortiz discusses conflicts between Native and Black communities. The two groups often found themselves on opposing sides rather than joining forces against white settlers and plantation owners. Write an essay analyzing interracial conflicts between minority groups in the 1800s.

Essay Topic 3

Dunbar-Ortiz states that the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 "imposed unsolicited citizenship upon American Indians" (169). Why does she object to the U.S. government conferring citizenship upon Native Americans? What problems does she perceive with the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924? Write an essay examining Dunbar-Ortiz's opinion on citizenship for Native populations.

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