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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. Dunbar-Ortiz argues that Europeans colonists conquered what, rather than land?

2. Dunbar-Ortiz describes settler colonialism as a certain type of political policy. What adjective does she use to describe this policy?

3. What form of warfare did Major General Jeffery Amherst infamously support using against Native people?

4. According to Dunbar-Ortiz, when did human societies migrate out of Africa?

5. What term does Dunbar-Ortiz use for the specific type of colonialism used to form the United States?

Short Essay Questions

1. What was the Latin term for the papal law describing the "cleanliness of blood," or racial purity?

2. Why did settlers try to recruit Native people as rangers?

3. Dunbar-Ortiz discusses methods of warfare used by the U.S. military to destroy the enemy's will to resist. What does this type of "irregular warfare" typically involve?

4. By the 1700s, many farmers had turned to slavery. What economic explanation does Dunbar-Ortiz offer for the rise of slavery?

5. In Chapter 2, Dunbar-Ortiz speaks of "domestic crusades" that took place in Europe during the Crusades in the Arab world. What was the purpose of these domestic crusades?

6. According to Dunbar-Ortiz, the English popularized a theory that only they were made in God's image. What origins did they ascribe to other races?

7. How did Europeans use Christianity to support colonialism?

8. What beliefs were espoused by John Calvin?

9. According to Dunbar-Ortiz, what was the economic impact of the Crusades?

10. How does Dunbar-Ortiz describe documents like the U.S. Constitution, the Mayflower Compact, the Declaration of Independence, and the Gettysburg Address?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Dunbar-Ortiz claims that "Indian hating and white supremacy were part and parcel of 'democracy' and 'freedom.'" (117) Do you feel that this is an accurate statement? Write an argumentative essay responding to Dunbar-Ortiz's claim. Cite specific examples from the text to support your position.

Essay Topic 2

Dunbar-Ortiz asserts that "The most revered [U.S.] presidents...have each advanced popular imperialism" (108). What does she mean by the term "popular imperialism"? Are these beliefs harmful to the fabric of U.S. society? What impact do these beliefs have on minority groups? Write an essay examining this statement.

Essay Topic 3

In Chapter 6, Dunbar-Ortiz repeatedly emphasizes that the Seminoles were never conquered by the U.S. military, nor did they sue for peace. Write an essay exploring analyzing Dunbar-Ortiz's choice to repeatedly present this piece of information. Why do you believe this fact is so important to Dunbar-Ortiz? What impact does this fact have on Native communities in the twenty-first century?

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