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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. When did Voltaire die?

2. How many children did Rousseau have with a near-illiterate seamstress?

3. When did the words "perfectibilite" and civilisation" (55) make their first appearance in a European language?

4. Who were Rosseau's most famous disciples?

5. When was The Adventures of Telemachus published?

Short Essay Questions

1. In "Clearing a Space," what was the belief regarding historical inevitability in Europe in the 19th century?

2. In the Prologue, what did Mikhail Bakunin say about the revolutionist?

3. In "Clearing a Space," what was the purpose of history and how did it become sanitized?

4. In "Clearing a Space," what became the universalist creed and what was seen as a marker of progress?

5. In "Clearing a Space," who did Reinhold Niebuhr mock?

6. In the Prologue what are many themes of the global unrest that the author has seen?

7. In the Prologue, what mystery did Emile Durkheim struggle with in his book from 1897?

8. At the end of the Prologue, what does the author believe is a measure of the global civil war taking place?

9. In "Loving Oneself Through Others," what did Adam Smith envision?

10. In "Clearing a Space," what historical calamities undermined the idea of Western universalism?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

The author makes a connection Islamic terror and between the French Revolution and religious fundamentalism in the Atlantic West. What does the author want readers to remember from history? Why is it important to remember the French revolution, its influence, and its reign of terror? What should be remembered about religious fundamentalism in the past? In what way is the violence of today a result of the French revolution and religious fundamentalism?

Essay Topic 2

Mishra discusses the poem Le Mondain written by Voltaire. What was Le Mondain an ode to? What ideals about wealth were followed in the Middle Ages? How did Voltaire dismiss the Christian past? What did he promote instead? What changes did he propose in Western culture? In what way did Voltaire usher in a moral revolution through Le Mondain?

Essay Topic 3

The role of religion changed before and after the Enlightenment. What was the role of religion before the Enlightenment? How did the role of religion change after the Enlightenment? What was the connection between the removal of religion from everyday life and the rise of nationalism and individualism?

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