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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. As stated in "Clearing a Space," what was the result of cutting the tie between a consciousness of the past to the present?

2. When was Voltaire born?

3. When did Voltaire become court philosopher to Frederick of Prussia?

4. As stated in "Clearing a Space, when did a switch to social welfarism occur?

5. When did D'Annunzio die?

Short Essay Questions

1. In "Loving Oneself Through Others," what did Adam Smith envision?

2. In "Clearing a Space," what is modernity?

3. In the Prologue during the first half of the 20th century, who embraced the theories of Social Darwinism?

4. In "Loving Oneself Through Others," what was Montaigne's impression of moneymaking, and how did that idea change in the 18th century?

5. In the Prologue, what mystery did Emile Durkheim struggle with in his book from 1897?

6. In "Clearing a Space," what was the belief regarding historical inevitability in Europe in the 19th century?

7. In "Loving Oneself Through Others," what was Rosseau's upbringing?

8. In "Loving Onself Through Others," how is Rosseau's history of the human heart still playing itself out?

9. In the Prologue, what was the attitude and thought about the world after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989?

10. In the Prologue, who was Gabriele D'Annunzio, and what was he know for?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Voltaire and Rousseau had differing viewpoints, especially regarding modernity. How would you describe the viewpoints of Voltaire and of Rousseau? How were their ideas about wealth and materialism different? What did their differences reveal about the meaning of modernity?

Essay Topic 2

The author makes a connection Islamic terror and between the French Revolution and religious fundamentalism in the Atlantic West. What does the author want readers to remember from history? Why is it important to remember the French revolution, its influence, and its reign of terror? What should be remembered about religious fundamentalism in the past? In what way is the violence of today a result of the French revolution and religious fundamentalism?

Essay Topic 3

The author reveals negative effects of materialism and consumerism. How does the author think that the Atlantic West’s ideas and economic and social structures have impacted the world? What have materialism and consumerism replaced in cultures? What does Mishra reveal about the negative effects of materialism and consumerism?

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