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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. How are 18th century weddings described?

2. When could a man be charged with fornication?

3. Where did young unwed mothers stay?

4. What role did the men play in the delivery of a child?

5. A physician's training was ___________________________.

Short Essay Questions

1. Which of Martha's relatives were married by 1792?

2. Explain why the summer of 1787 was very harrowing for the Ballard family.

3. What was the nature of the relationship between midwives and physicians during Martha's lifetime?

4. How has Martha's diary been perceived by historians?

5. How many doctors and midwives were available in the Hallowell area at the time?

6. Although premarital sex was acknowledged as a common practice, it was also illegal. Explain the repercussions for both people involved.

7. Where did Martha Ballard grow up and when did she marry her husband/

8. Both Ephraim and Martha had businesses to manage. How were their approaches to business different?

9. What is so amazing about Martha's diary and why do some people speculate that she began writing it?

10. How did people perceive Martha in the community?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Explain why Martha's diary had been overlooked for so many years. What value does it have for historians and students today?

Essay Topic 2

Explain the role of the midwife in 18th century colonial America. What made Martha so successful in this role?

Essay Topic 3

Describe the methods by which Martha would obtain her medicines. How do those methods compare to alternative medicines today?

(see the answer keys)

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