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Italy

This country was the site of and birthplace for many nationalist movements. D’Annunzio, Mazzini, and others were nationalists from this country with grievances against the old order and elites. They all had their own vision for how to enact change.

The Enlightenment

This movement took place in the 18th century. It originated in France and saw the birth of intellectual freedom and expression. Proponents of the philosophy included Voltaire and Rousseau.

Russia

This was a significant country in the book. The experiences of this country as a non-Western country in Europe reveal the important aspects of the modernization project of intellectuals in Europe. This country was behind the rest of Europe in modernization. Some thinkers from this country resented the efforts Western philosophers played in trying to get their country to copy the West.

Revolutions of 1848

These were failed efforts to achieve change in Europe, often...

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