Theory of Evolution

The Theory of Evolution is Darwin’s revolutionary theory that species emerge and develop through a process of random mutations, the most advantageous of which are passed to future generations. Harari argues that Evolution precludes the existence of an indivisible, uniquely human soul. A soul could not have spontaneously emerged, fully formed in human beings without existing in some form in ancestor species.

Consciousness

Consciousness is the subjective experience of emotions and sensations. Humans are generally believed to be the only conscious species, though more recent research into other animals suggests that this may not be the case. Harari suggests that consciousness is not an essential process; algorithms, including humans, could theoretically make effective decisions without it.

Religion

Harari defines religion as “any all-encompassing story that confers superhuman legitimacy on human laws, norms, and values” (180). This definition includes traditional religions, such as Christianity, as well...