Arnold Toynbee

Arnold Toynbee (1889–1975) was director of studies in the Royal Institute of International Affairs and professor of history at London University. He became internationally famous for his multi-volume work, A Study of History, that traced the rise and fall of civilizations throughout history. His main interest in the latter part of his life was religion as a means to world unity. In this viewpoint, Toynbee discusses why humans should make understanding, love, and creativity the ultimate goals in life. Toynbee also values self-sacrifice and rationality.

As you read, consider the following questions:

1. Why does Toynbee assume that self-sacrifice is a normal part of commitment?
2. When Toynbee uses the term “love,” what does he mean?
3. What does Toynbee mean when he writes, “the whole of human life is a struggle to keep the reason uppermost...