During the 1980s, increasing numbers of pregnant drug-dependent women went to medical facilities—some to receive ongoing prenatal care, but others only to deliver their babies without the benefit of any prenatal care. Such women fear the threat of confrontation with legal authorities. The general lack of women-oriented drug-treatment programs contributes to this major health problem—addiction in pregnancy. It has also contributed to increased medical and social maladies and mortality in such mothers and their infants.

The 1990 NATIONAL HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ON DRUG ABUSE estimated that almost 50 percent, approximately 29 million of the 60 million women of child-bearing age, used an illicit drug at least once in their lifetimes. In 1988, one study reported for the United States an annual occurrence rate (prevalence) of 11 percent, resulting in an estimated 375,000 drug-exposed births; these data cannot be applied to the entire...