The microbial flora of the oral cavity are rich and extremely diverse. This reflects the abundant nutrients and moisture, and hospitable temperature, and the availability of surfaces on which bacterial populations can develop. The presence of a myriad of microorganisms is a natural part of proper oral health. However, an imbalance in the microbial flora can lead to the production of acidic compounds by some microorganisms that can damage the teeth and gums. Damage to the teeth is referred to a dental caries.

Microbes can adhere to surfaces throughout the oral cavity. These include the tongue, epithelial cells lining the roof of the mouth and the cheeks, and the hard enamel of the teeth. In particular, the microbial communities that exist on the surface of the teeth are known as dental plaque. The adherent...