Overview

Indian mathematicians developed some of the most important concepts in mathematics, including place-value numeration and zero. By developing new techniques in arithmetic, algebra, and trigonometry, medieval Indian mathematicians helped make modern science and technology possible. Their innovations were brought to the West when treatises by Muslim scholars were translated into Latin.

Background

The years from A.D. 320 to about 500 were critical in the development of Indian civilization. In the north, under the Gupta dynasty, Sanskrit culture thrived, great universities were founded, and the arts and sciences flourished. In the south, where Hindu and Buddhist dynasties reigned, merchants seeking new trade opportunities started colonies and spread Indian culture throughout surrounding regions, especially Southeast Asia.

During the Gupta period, the observatory at Ujjain in central India was the heart of mathematical scholarship, and many mathematical techniques were developed to meet the needs of...