Cryptography is a division of applied mathematics concerned with developing methods to enhance the privacy of communications and protect data from tampering through the use of coded information. The application of quantum principles to information processing and cryptology fuses mathematical theory and physical reality. Quantum cryptology utilizes the Heisenberg uncertainty principle to describe a system in which a measurement of the system disturbs the system and in so doing yields valuable information about the state of the system.

Cryptography allows its users to maintain confidentiality in their communications and, ideally, cryptographic schemes should only be able to be decoded and understood by authorized recipients (i.e., to be crack proof) who have a specific key (i.e., procedures to decode) that can be used to reverse the encoding procedure. Cryptography is also essential to the development and use of non-reputable transactions in which parties can not later deny...