Seabirds, seals, whales, sea turtles, dolphins, and nontargeted fish can be unintentionally caught and killed or maimed by modern fish and shrimp catching methods. This phenomenon is called "bycatch" or the unintended capture or mortality of living marine resources as a result of fishing. It is managed under such laws as the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, the Endangered Species Act of 1973, the Marine Mammals Protection Act of 1972 (amended in 1994), and, most recently, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1996. The 1995 United Nations Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, to which the United States is a signatory, also emphasizes the importance of bycatch reduction. Bycatch occurs because most fishing methods are not perfectly "selective," (i.e., they do not catch and retain only the desired size, sex, quality and quantity of target species). It also occurs because fishermen often have incentive to catch more...