The earliest Buddhist literature is divided into the doctrinal teachings, the dharma, and the rules for ethical behavior, the Vinaya. The Vinaya is divided into the Sūtravibhaṅga, case studies of each individual rule, and the Skandhaka, essays on important topics, for example ordination, monastic clothing, medicine, adjudication of disputes, the conduct of community meetings, and so on. The Vinaya rules are collected in a separate list called the Prātimokṣa, and there is a summary of the Skandhaka called the Karmavācanā. Taken together, the Vinaya literature outlines the core Buddhist ethical teachings, ordination procedures, and community ritual guidelines. While the ethical and social behavior models have been consistent, the expression and structure of the Vinaya literature have been reformulated, expanded and interpreted. The pressures of rapid growth and social involvement brought about changes in Vinaya literature...