A botanical garden is a place where collections of plants are grown, managed, and maintained. Plants are normally labeled and available for scientific study by students and observation by the public. An arboretum is a garden composed primarily of trees, vines and shrubs. Gardens often preserve collections of stored seeds in special facilities referred to as seed banks. Many gardens maintain special collections of preserved plants, known as herbaria, used to identify and classify unknown plants. Laboratories for the scientific study of plants and classrooms are also common.

Although landscape gardens have been known for as long as 4,000 years, gardens intended for scientific study have a more recent origin. Kindled by the need for herbal medicines in the sixteenth century, gardens affiliated with Italian medical schools were founded in Pisa about 1543, and Padua in 1545. The usefulness of these medicinal gardens was soon evident, and similar gardens...