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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What did Winston Churchill recommend as a solution to the challenge of growing Soviet Power?
(a) An Anglo-American alliance.
(b) Improving working conditions to prevent labor upheavals.
(c) Economic warfare.
(d) Forming NATO .

2. How does Isaacson claim President Truman planned to fight for support for the Marshall Plan in Congress?
(a) By campaigning across the country to rally popular support for the effort.
(b) By vetoing every spending bill until the plan was accepted in Congress.
(c) By advising Democrat congressmen to amend planks of the plan to popular legislation so it would eventually get passed out of the notice of political opponents.
(d) By calling for an emergency session of Congress and winning support for an "interim aid" bill.

3. How does Isaacson report that Clark Clifford understood the rivalry between the U.S. and the Soviet Union had to be framed to make the general public support confronting the Communists?
(a) Clifford understood the rivalry had, "...to be framed as a personal cause of free American talent overcoming international slavery."
(b) Clifford understood the rivalry had, "...to be framed as a potential threat to the freedom and security of every individual in the country."
(c) Clifford understood the rivalry had, "...to be framed as a contest between the forces of darkness and light."
(d) Clifford understood the rivalry had, "...to be framed as fearfully as possible to cajole the general public to put unquestioning support for the wisdom of its government."

4. Isaacson reported that the Soviet Union's actions in East Europe helped the Truman Administration achieve what two political goals?
(a) They helped to convince the general public that the communists were out for world domination and win trust for the wisdom of his foreign policy advisors.
(b) They helped gain support for the Marshall Plan and for more military spending.
(c) They brought the country to understand the necessity of confronting communism and helped the Administration win support for its budget demands.
(d) They helped concentrate power within the presidency and give general support for the foreign policy elite to act without scrutiny.

5. How did communist cells throughout Europe respond to the Marshall Plan?
(a) They posed as businesses that received funds that were then put into programs to promote communism.
(b) They would attempt to disrupt governments and try to bring them down.
(c) They began a program of counterfeiting currencies to cause an inflationary cycle.
(d) They started programs of social support for European laborers to win political support for their agendas.

Short Answer Questions

1. Who does Isaacson report to be the first of the "Six Wise Men" whom Kennedy sought out for advice after his election to the presidency in 1960?

2. After Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected president in 1952, who does Isaacson state became Secretary of State?

3. How does Isaacson claim the Truman Administration learned of the Soviet Union's possession of nuclear weapons in September, 1949?

4. Who eventually took the position of Ambassador to Vietnam, according to Isaacson?

5. Who does Isaacson claim blocked MacArthur's plans for slowing the flow of Chinese soldiers into the Korean War?

Short Essay Questions

1. What organization did John McCloy help to form that became the precursor to the European Common Market, according to Isaacson?

2. What was the focus of George Kennan's "Long Telegram" according to Isaacson?

3. To what event did President Truman compare the Soviet clampdown on Czechoslavakia in 1948, according to Isaacson?

4. How does Isaacson report England was affected by the end of WWII?

5. What does Isaacson claim Clark Clifford wrote in a campaign strategy memo regarding the affect of the Soviet clampdown on Czechoslovakia on the reelection chances of President Truman?

6. What does Isaacson claim to be the North Vietnamese offensive that made the Johnson Administration realize America needed to get out of the Vietnam War?

7. Who did President Kennedy choose to act as his chief negotiator at the International Control Commission talks on Laos, according to Isaacson?

8. Why did Truman's most trusted foreign advisers, including Robert Lovett, George Kennan, Chip Bohlen, and Dean Acheson, oppose the formation of a Jewish State in Palestine, according to Isaacson?

9. What Southeast Asian country did President Eisenhower tell President-Elect Kennedy was the "key" to keeping communism from overtaking all of Southeast Asia according to Isaacson?

10. What did Isaacson identify as George Kennan's recommended next phase for dealing with communist expansionism after he felt that his plan for containment was working?

(see the answer keys)

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