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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. How did communist cells throughout Europe respond to the Marshall Plan?
(a) They would attempt to disrupt governments and try to bring them down.
(b) They began a program of counterfeiting currencies to cause an inflationary cycle.
(c) They posed as businesses that received funds that were then put into programs to promote communism.
(d) They started programs of social support for European laborers to win political support for their agendas.

2. Why did President Eisenhower relieve Bob Lovett from the Defense Department, according to Isaacson?
(a) Because the Eisenhower Administration planned to cut spending on conventional forces and rely totally on nuclear weapons for defense.
(b) Because Lovett was a Democrat and Republicans demanded party loyalty while they had control of Congress.
(c) Because Lovett was found leaking policy decisions to his Democrat friends outside the administration.
(d) Because Lovett was considered untrustworthy based upon his relationship with Alger Hiss.

3. What does Isaacson write of what became of the "Six Wise Men" after Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected president in 1952?
(a) They sought to find roles in directing foreign policy with the new administration.
(b) They became involved in movements to create a global economy.
(c) They became active in Democrat Party politics so they could resume their positions of influence after Eisenhower was removed from office.
(d) They went into "exile" from Washington and served in the private sector.

4. What was the major contributing factor to causing the fate of the "Six Wise Men" after the election of Eisenhower?
(a) It was the first time the Republicans held power in 20 years and they wanted to start with their people in power.
(b) The general public began to see America's foreign policy elite had been reserving power to itself with the continual appeals for wars.
(c) After nearly 25 years of depression, war, and turmoil, Americans demanded a return to policies of non-intervention.
(d) The plans made by the "Wise Men" were proving to have disastrous economic consequences for the country.

5. What scientist suggested the United States should respond to the Soviet Union's possession of the A-bomb by producing more powerful bombs?
(a) George Ball.
(b) David Lilienthal.
(c) Robert Oppenheimer.
(d) Edward Teller.

6. What does Isaacson suggest shaped President Johnson's views on dealing with Soviet Communism?
(a) Johnson's desire to show his power against that of the leaders of the Soviet Union.
(b) Johnson's admiration for the Truman Administration's confrontation of communist imperialism.
(c) The views of Dean Acheson as he served as a congressman in the late 1940's.
(d) The viciousness with which Joseph Stalin purged political enemies throughout his reign.

7. Which of the "Six Wise Men" was chosen by President Johnson to assume authority over all diplomatic efforts to end the war in Vietnam according to Isaacson?
(a) Averell Harriman.
(b) John McCloy.
(c) George Kennan
(d) Dean Acheson.

8. When does Isaacson report communist North Korea invaded South Korea?
(a) June 25, 1959.
(b) June 6, 1949.
(c) June 6, 1944.
(d) June 24, 1950.

9. Why did Dean Acheson believe the U.S. should get involved in the war between North and South Korea, according to Isaacson?
(a) To prove to Stalin and Mao that all of their imperialistic actions would be confronted.
(b) To preserve the doctrine of containment.
(c) To save the Western Alliance in Europe.
(d) To preserve strategic positions in the Far East.

10. Who were two of the "Six Wise Men" that Isaacson reported had withdrawn their support for the war in Vietnam by the summer of 1967?
(a) John McCloy and Dean Acheson.
(b) John McCloy and Robert Lovett.
(c) George Kennan and Charles Bohlen.
(d) Robert Lovett and Averell Harriman.

11. How did Isaacson claim Acheson described the division of the world between the United States and the Soviet Union during the crisis facing Greece and Turkey?
(a) "...a contest between freedom and slavery."
(b) "...a struggle between totalitarianism and democracy."
(c) "...a test of free will against coercion."
(d) "...an unbridgeable ideological chasm."

12. Who was asked to approach President-Elect Kennedy's choice for Secretary of State to offer him the position, according to Isaacson?
(a) Dean Acheson.
(b) Bobby Kennedy.
(c) David Bruce.
(d) Robert Lovett.

13. Who does Isaacson claim blocked MacArthur's plans for slowing the flow of Chinese soldiers into the Korean War?
(a) President Harry Truman.
(b) White House Liaison with the Korean command George Kennan.
(c) Under Secretary of State Dean Acheson.
(d) Deputy Secretary of Defense Robert Lovett.

14. When and where was the first atomic bomb used on Japan?
(a) August 6, 1945 on Tokyo.
(b) August 7, 1945 on Hiroshima.
(c) August 6, 1945 on Hiroshima.
(d) August 7, 1945 on Nagasaki.

15. What does Isaacson report to have been the reaction to communist tactics against the Marshall Plan?
(a) Congress initiated the House Un-American Activities Committee.
(b) The Truman Administration had the evidence of the corrosive nature of communism to convince the country its steps were the right ones.
(c) Congress began to realize that the battle against communism was going to be long and costly.
(d) The American public began looking for similar activities within their communities.

Short Answer Questions

1. How did the Pentagon recommend the government should respond to the Soviet Union's possession of nuclear weapons, according to Isaacson?

2. What does Isaacson report eventually came of the idea of a "Western Union" military alliance?

3. What was the document that Isaacson claims to be the blueprint for national security policy through the 1960's?

4. What was the organization that eventually replaced the Office of Strategic Services, according to Isaacson?

5. What was the only concession the Japanese requested for its surrender to end WWII, according to Isaacson?

(see the answer keys)

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