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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. How old was Meredith Anne Heath?

2. When did Dr. Gregory Black die?

3. When did Spencer’s mother die?

4. When was Spencer born?

5. What was Elise’s last name?

Short Essay Questions

1. What work did Spencer find in the evenings in 1869?

2. How did Spencer do with his studies in 1869?

3. What is the story behind the Lily of the Valley told in Chapter 2?

4. What other operation was mentioned in Chapter 3?

5. At the time Spencer and Bernard moved to Philadelphia, how much of a medical education had each completed?

6. What is the life cycle of the cicada?

7. What special program did Spencer begin in Chapter 3?

8. In Chapter 3, what was Bernard doing?

9. What ideas about evolution would eventually separate Spencer from the rest of the scientific community?

10. During this time in America and around the world, what changes were occurring in medicine?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Ward C was a very successful medical program.

a. Why did Spencer help establish the program?

b. What did he hope to accomplish?

c. Why did he leave the program?

Essay Topic 2

Spencer began researching mutations. What was Spencer’s goal for this research at first? How did his motives change? What was the end result of this research?

Essay Topic 3

Dr. Gregory Black dug up corpses for his work. What was Dr. Black’s reputation? Why did he rob graves? How did his work and reputation compare to his son Spencer’s work and reputation? Did Spencer rob graves in later years? How was his work different from his father’s.

(see the answer keys)

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