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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. When did Spencer disappear?

2. During which year at the Academy in Philadelphia did Spencer begin taking illustration seriously?

3. Where did Spencer’s notes suggest that Elise came from?

4. What were Bernard’s scientific interests?

5. What year in Spencer’s life does Chapter 3 cover?

Short Essay Questions

1. When and where were Spencer and his brother born?

2. What work did Spencer find in the evenings in 1869?

3. How successful was Ward C?

4. At the time Spencer and Bernard moved to Philadelphia, how much of a medical education had each completed?

5. How did the success of Ward C affect the academy?

6. What death did Spencer experience in the fall of 1874?

7. What did Spencer think about religion as a child?

8. What special program did Spencer begin in Chapter 3?

9. How was information about Spencer collected?

10. How did Dr. Gregory Black obtain bodies for his medical students?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Through the years, Bernard and Spencer grew apart. When did the two lose their closeness? How did their work go in different directions? Did Bernard ever refuse to correspond or see his brother? Why did Bernard often lose touch with Spencer? What type of relationship did they have later years? What did Bernard’s actions at the end of the novel reveal about his relationship with his brother? What did the fact that Spencer asked for help say about how he felt about his brother?

Essay Topic 2

Spencer and Bernard had very different careers. What careers did each man pursue? Who seemed most likely to succeed? Who was more respected by the end of his career?

Essay Topic 3

The Codex was an anatomical reference manual. How did this manual differ from other manuals of the time? What was the opinion of most scientists about the contents of the book?

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