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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. In Chapter 3, who strongly disagreed with claims Spencer made in the first paper he published in Chapter 3?
(a) Denkel.
(b) Martinson.
(c) Van Hoeven.
(d) Holace.

2. When did Spencer and Elise have their first child?
(a) 1875.
(b) 1872.
(c) 1873.
(d) 1874.

3. Who oversaw Spencer’s program?
(a) Andrew M. Wilder.
(b) Joseph Warren Denkel.
(c) Peter Manning Withers.
(d) Joab A. Holace.

4. What did Dr. Gregory Black teach?
(a) Physiology.
(b) Botany.
(c) Anatomy.
(d) Biology.

5. What year were Spencer and Elise married?
(a) 1871.
(b) 1873.
(c) 1874.
(d) 1872.

Short Answer Questions

1. Who was the physician renowned for his work on embryonic research and conjoined twins who also participated in Spencer’s program?

2. What was the name of the child that Spencer and Elise lost shortly after birth?

3. What is the date of the second journal entry at the end of Chapter 2?

4. How did Spencer and Elise meet?

5. What do cicadas transform into when they emerge from the ground?

Short Essay Questions

1. What ideas about evolution would eventually separate Spencer from the rest of the scientific community?

2. What was known about the English Yew tree?

3. Who did Spencer marry and how did they meet?

4. How did Dr. Gregory Black obtain bodies for his medical students?

5. In Chapter 3, what was Bernard doing?

6. How did Spencer seem to feel about the birth of his third child?

7. When and where were Spencer and his brother born?

8. What other operation was mentioned in Chapter 3?

9. By the end of Spencer’s second year at the academy, to what was he devoting his time?

10. What did Spencer begin to research in 1869?

(see the answer keys)

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