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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What important circumstance did early revolutionary governments not take into account?
(a) Expansion of cities.
(b) Desertion of rural areas.
(c) Natural resources.
(d) Population growth.

2. Why were the Indians not outraged that their religions were replaced with Catholicism? (Chapter Five).
(a) Because their gods had betrayed them when Cortez attacked.
(b) Because they liked Catholicism better.
(c) Because they were not very connected to their gods.
(d) Because they had been reconnected to the world.

3. How did the Reform want to justify itself?
(a) Through its past.
(b) Through the future.
(c) Through its popularity.
(d) Through its changes.

4. How did the Independence movement begin in South America?
(a) With Mexican housewives gradually overturning the governing body.
(b) Under the leadership of impassioned leader, San Martin.
(c) With simultaneous victories sweeping the continent.
(d) With a small band of determined revolutionaries.

5. When Paz sees that Mexicans return to their tradition, what do they remember?
(a) That their tradition is mostly Indian.
(b) That they do not belong to a greater universal tradition.
(c) That their tradition is rooted in conquest and slavery.
(d) That they are part of Spain's tradition.

Short Answer Questions

1. What is one factor that drives world markets?

2. According to the tribe of the Chamulas, what is a chulel?

3. How did the Revolution relate to reality?

4. Why was unemployment high in Mexico at the time that Paz was writing?

5. What did the Revolution force the Mexican people to do?

Short Essay Questions

1. Paz asserts that every revolution attempts to restore the order that an oppressor has twisted or disregarded altogether. How was that true in Mexico?

2. What does Paz think of the Soviet Union? How does it compare to Mexico?

3. How did Catholicism reduce the Indian converts into passive believers? How was that a significant blow?

4. What role did Jose Vasconcelos play in modern education? From Paz's descriptions, what is his opinion of Vasconcelos?

5. What is the role of the Mexican intelligentsia within society? How does it differ from the function of the intelligentsia within the United States and Europe; and which one is a better role?

6. When did Independence begin in Mexico? How was it similar to or different from the Conquest?

7. What does Paz say about the national differences among Central and South American nations? How does that tie into their relationship with Spain?

8. Why was the Aztec nation able to unify so many diverse tribes? How were they quite skilled with that type of action?

9. Throughout his career, what did Jorge Cuesta argue? What are the benefits and downfalls of his argument?

10. Despite Mexico's advancements, where does she still stand on the world spectrum? How can she change her placement?

(see the answer keys)

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