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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What was an important element of all ancient cultures?
(a) Religion.
(b) Military superiority.
(c) Historical records.
(d) Familial relationships.

2. In Paz's argument, how have tradition and religion always been presented to the Mexicans?
(a) As things that stifle their individuality.
(b) As things to be held lightly or discarded.
(c) As things leading to their spiritual salvation.
(d) As things that will solidify their national identity.

3. Who were the last people to enter the Valley of Mexico?
(a) Nahuatls.
(b) Mexicans.
(c) Aztecs.
(d) Spaniards.

4. What event precipitated Spain's complete loss of power?
(a) Mexico's revolt against her.
(b) Her faith losing all potency.
(c) Her strong monarch's death.
(d) The loss of her naval supremacy.

5. How did the Reform want to justify itself?
(a) Through the future.
(b) Through its changes.
(c) Through its past.
(d) Through its popularity.

Short Answer Questions

1. How did the Spanish Conquest treat religion?

2. According to Paz, why did the Revolution become a compromise?

3. How did the Independence movement begin in South America?

4. In Asia and Africa, what two seemingly-contradictory ideologies are being used?

5. When did Spain begin to lose her hold on Mexico?

Short Essay Questions

1. Why was the Aztec nation able to unify so many diverse tribes? How were they quite skilled with that type of action?

2. How does unemployment on the farms affect the cities? How does it slow all of Mexico's development?

3. Paz asserts that every revolution attempts to restore the order that an oppressor has twisted or disregarded altogether. How was that true in Mexico?

4. What is the role of the Mexican intelligentsia within society? How does it differ from the function of the intelligentsia within the United States and Europe; and which one is a better role?

5. What role did Jose Vasconcelos play in modern education? From Paz's descriptions, what is his opinion of Vasconcelos?

6. Why did the new Constitution mandate that education be secular? How might that have made the Mexicans feel?

7. Why could Mexico not have progressed as far as she has today if she were working within capitalism?

8. Who was Sor Juana? Why was she an unusual person both in South America and in old Spain?

9. How was the Revolution similar to a fiesta? Because of any existing similarity, why do the people cling to that time in history? Can that be considered healthy?

10. What role did Catholicism play in the lives of the conquering Spaniards? Was that role contradictory?

(see the answer keys)

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