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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What was the Mexican intellectual's goal?
(a) Propagation of the arts.
(b) Cultural education.
(c) Political action.
(d) Educational reform.

2. When Paz sees that Mexicans return to their tradition, what do they remember?
(a) That they are part of Spain's tradition.
(b) That they do not belong to a greater universal tradition.
(c) That their tradition is rooted in conquest and slavery.
(d) That their tradition is mostly Indian.

3. What does Paz mean by the word, "community"?
(a) A gathering of people who are invested in each other.
(b) A place of stable government and economy.
(c) A place of safety, especially for women and children.
(d) A place of liberty where men recognize themselves in each other.

4. According to Paz, who is most fascinated by death?
(a) The old.
(b) The infant.
(c) The dying.
(d) The youth.

5. What was sacrificed when Porfirio Diaz took power and subdued anarchy?
(a) Liberty.
(b) Equality.
(c) Possibility.
(d) Nothing.

6. What did the Spaniards find when they arrived in South America?
(a) Scattered groups of people.
(b) A single ruling power.
(c) Autonomous, refined civilizations.
(d) Uneducated, struggling clans.

7. During the Revolution, whom did the intelligentsia make the focal point of its activities?
(a) The common people.
(b) Itself.
(c) Their new leaders.
(d) The new poets.

8. According to Paz, what philosophical fact defines much of Mexico's history?
(a) The people adopted some ideas and invented others.
(b) They had only two great thinkers.
(c) The people adopted ideas, but did not invent their own.
(d) They overturned several of Spain's philosophical treatises.

9. What horror did Cortez's rule not commit?
(a) Denying the conquered people a place in society.
(b) Complete annihilation of the native peoples.
(c) Raping the indigenous women.
(d) Forcing indigenous people to speak European Spanish.

10. Why did the Church support Spanish power?
(a) The Church was threatened by Spain.
(b) The Church owned large portions of land.
(c) The Church was bribed by the Spanish monarch.
(d) The Church owed its Mexican existence to the Spanish Conquest.

11. What event precipitated Spain's complete loss of power?
(a) Her strong monarch's death.
(b) Her faith losing all potency.
(c) Mexico's revolt against her.
(d) The loss of her naval supremacy.

12. Why did the Spaniards not exterminate the Indians after they were conquered?
(a) They wanted to learn from the Indians.
(b) Their Catholicism prevented mass slaughter.
(c) They respected the Indians.
(d) They needed labor.

13. Which of the following contributed to making colonialism alive and relevant?
(a) Violence.
(b) Catholicism.
(c) Imperial takeover.
(d) Native acceptance.

14. Why is a study of colonialism important in understanding Mexican history?
(a) The nation was founded through a peaceful Spanish immersion into Indian culture.
(b) The nation was founded by a Spanish conquest of Indians.
(c) The nation's beginnings were heavily influenced by North Americans.
(d) The nation began through the colonization of several surrounding nations.

15. What has history demonstrated through certain Contra authors such as Isaac Deutscher?
(a) Once abundance is achieved, the state will become socialistic.
(b) It is extremely difficult for one class to make advancements for itself.
(c) No class ever voluntarily gives up its privileges.
(d) Once abundance is achieved, the state will become democratic.

Short Answer Questions

1. In Paz's estimation, why do the common people follow their revolutionary leaders?

2. How did the Aztecs' final struggle manifest itself?

3. In Asia and Africa, what two seemingly-contradictory ideologies are being used?

4. What did Manuel Gomez-Morin accomplish for the Revolution?

5. According to the tribe of the Chamulas, what is a chulel?

(see the answer keys)

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