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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What philosopher did Emerson say was the beginning and end of all philosophy?
(a) Plato.
(b) Socrates.
(c) Confucius.
(d) Immanuel Kant.

2. What right of individuals has never been tried as the foundation of a state?
(a) Employment.
(b) Love.
(c) Reverence.
(d) Trust.

3. What is the ultimate effect of two lovers drawing closer to each other spiritually?
(a) Drawing closer to each other physically.
(b) Understanding each other on an intellectual level.
(c) Drawing closer to each other emotionally.
(d) Drawing closer to God.

4. How does Emerson suggest his readers should acquire art?
(a) By reading about what's popular at the time.
(b) By creating it themselves.
(c) By listening to art dealers.
(d) By following their hearts.

5. Which of the following is the best and most efficient type of economy for man, according to Emerson?
(a) Public bureaucracy.
(b) Democratic republic.
(c) Enlightened socialism.
(d) Private enterprise.

Short Answer Questions

1. How does the love between a man and woman usually begin?

2. What word did Plato use to explain opposites joined together, according to "Plato, or the Philosopher"?

3. What is the only permanent thing in the universe, according to Emerson?

4. What credibility did Emerson have to discuss the topic of "An Address"?

5. Who or what is a part of nature, according to "Nature"?

Short Essay Questions

1. According to "Nature", what is the role of nature?

2. According to "Self-Reliance", what is the relationship between conformity and being a man?

3. What rights does every individual in a free society have, according to "Politics"?

4. What are the differences between materialism and idealism, according to "The Transcendentalist"?

5. How does Emerson define character? What analogy does he use in his definition?

6. According to "New England Reformers", what does a reformist attitude challenge?

7. What two problems with communion does Emerson explain at the end of "The Lord's Supper"?

8. What do the nominalists and realists each have on their sides, according to Emerson?

9. According to "Compensation", how does nature maintain balance? How can one maintain balance on earth?

10. According to "The Poet", what is the effect of poets speaking the truth? How do poets speak the truth?

(see the answer keys)

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