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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. According to Emerson, what is a faint reflection of proper manners?
(a) Spiritual ritual.
(b) Proper speech.
(c) Literature.
(d) Fashion.

2. What does true friendship require, according to Emerson?
(a) Cordial goodwill.
(b) Humility.
(c) Friendly love.
(d) Conversation.

3. What is the only permanent thing in the universe, according to Emerson?
(a) Impermanence.
(b) Mathematics.
(c) God.
(d) Scientific thought.

4. According to Emerson, it is the challenge of American scholars to foster and support the development of truly American ______ and ______.
(a) Thought; language.
(b) Thought; culture.
(c) Language; literature.
(d) Culture; literature.

5. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the best gift, according to "Gifts"?
(a) Something that comes directly from the giver.
(b) Something that acknowledges an essential truth about the receiver.
(c) Something that acknowledges an essential truth about the giver.
(d) Something that reflects the giver.

Short Answer Questions

1. According to Emerson, every man is both ______ and partialist.

2. In what year was Plato born?

3. How do we pass through life, according to "Experience"?

4. At what college did Emerson give "The American Scholar" as an address?

5. What does Emerson believe about nature?

Short Essay Questions

1. According to "Manners", what people are permitted latitude in their manners?

2. What is the benefit of friendship, according to "Friendship"? What is the irony in Emerson's essay?

3. According to "Compensation", how does nature maintain balance? How can one maintain balance on earth?

4. According to "Art", from where does all art evolve? What is its purpose?

5. What does Emerson say about private enterprise in "New England Reformers"? Based on "New England Reformers", what political party is parallel to Emerson's views?

6. According to "New England Reformers", what does a reformist attitude challenge?

7. What are the two effects of a couple who rediscover their love for each other, according to "Love"?

8. According to "Experience", why do most people not recognize the changes in their lives until they are looking in retrospect?

9. What three categories of people does prudence manifest itself into, according to "Prudence"?

10. What do the nominalists and realists each have on their sides, according to Emerson?

(see the answer keys)

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