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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. What was Verres' defense strategy?

2. What did Verres do with the Naval's fleet money?

3. Which one of the following was assumed to be elected to the consulship and help Verres?

4. After making his initial point against Verres, what type of attacks did Cicero launch against Verres' actions and character in Chapter 1?

5. According to the beginning of Cicero's speech in Chapter 4, what was the senate losing patience with about Catiline?

Short Essay Questions

1. How did Cicero attack Hortensius at the end of In Verrum I?

2. What advice did Cicero have for Hortensius in his second speech against Verres?

3. Which other countries did Cicero say had witnessed Pompey's skills, and why did he think that Pompey had authority?

4. What was the concern about Verres and his connections within the Roman courts?

5. Who opposed the election of Pompey, and how did Cicero address their concerns in his speech?

6. What did Verres do with a captured pirate captain that angered the people of Sicily?

7. What position did Cicero have when he gave the speeches against Verres, and what situation caused him to write them?

8. How did Cicero describe the conflict with Mithridates to the Romans in Chapter 3?

9. What points did Cicero make about Verres' treatment of Roman citizens in Sicily?

10. What corruption was exposed by Cicero about Verres' handling of the naval defense funds?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Cicero was exiled for years before being exonerated and returning to the senate to give Pro Marcello.

1) Describe how Caesar changed the republic while Cicero was exiled and Cicero's reaction to the changes when he returned.

2) Explain some of the possible reasons why you think Caesar would have exonerated Cicero and Marcellus.

3) Analyze Cicero's exile, using his own words and descriptions as a reference.

Essay Topic 2

Explain the three steps that Cicero outlined in De imperio Cn. Pompei for how to choose a military commander. For each step, provide a description and use the examples that Cicero cited as a reference to analyze their importance.

Essay Topic 3

Discuss the four major qualities of a military commander that Cicero wrote about in De imperio Cn. Pompei. Include specific examples of how and why Pompey represented these qualities and earned Cicero's support.

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