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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which painting does Sontag "find it difficult" to look at?
(a) Callot's "The Miseries and Misfortunes of War."
(b) Picasso's "Guernica."
(c) Titian's painting of the flaying of Marsyas.
(d) Da Vinci's "The Last Supper."

2. The footage from a 1898 charge of Colonel Roosevelt's volunteer cavalry, the Rough Riders, was replaced with film of a staged charge later for which of the following reasons?
(a) Colonel Roosevelt was unsatisfied with the footage.
(b) The photographer lost the film reel.
(c) The lighting on the day of the event was insufficient.
(d) The footage of the actual event was not dramatic enough.

3. Sontag, confirming Walter Lippmann's assertion, argues that photography replaced which of the following media for representing the truth?
(a) Religious texts such as the Bible.
(b) Scientific studies.
(c) Artistic representations such as paintings or drawings.
(d) Eye-witness testimonies.

4. Sontag argues that creating lasting interest in war image requires which of the following?
(a) A brave star witness.
(b) A plethora of shocking images.
(c) A reputation for cutting-edge journalism.
(d) A large budget from advertising.

5. Which Virginia Woolf book does Sontag discuss in detail?
(a) Three Guineas.
(b) The Hours.
(c) Orlando.
(d) Mrs. Dalloway.

Short Answer Questions

1. To whom did the "Here Is New York" exhibit donate the proceeds?

2. The Brady group's approach to war photography differed from Fenton's approach in which of the following ways?

3. Sontag references an agreement in which the United States, France, Great Britain, Germany, Italy and Japan came together to renounce war. What is the name of this agreement?

4. Images of the Gulf War were filtered to portray the "techno war." The public was exposed to only those images that portrayed which of the following sentiments?

5. Sontag argues that we are most disappointed to discover that which type of photographs have been staged?

Short Essay Questions

1. Discuss the controversy surrounding the kidnapping of Daniel Pearl in Karachi in 2002. What was the main conflict?

2. Sontag suggests that the same photograph might elicit "opposing responses." Discussing a specific example, explain how this might be possible.

3. Sontag compared the photograph to a maxim or a proverb. Explain this comparison. What does it tell us about the nature or impact of photographs?

4. According to Sontag, how are standards for journalism determined in an era of tele-controlled warfare?

5. Discuss the significance of "Here is New York," the exhibit of photographs taken on September 11th during the collapse of the World Trade Center.

6. Explain the purpose of photography collections such as Ernst Friedrich's "Krieg dem Kriege!" (War Against War!), and discuss how these works attempt to achieve this end.

7. Sontag stated that the photographer's intentions do not determine the message of the photograph. Discuss the contributing factors which influence the reception of photographs in the media.

8. Sontag agrees with Woolf's assertion that the educated class has failed to understand war. How is this a failure of empathy or imagination?

9. Sontag distinguished between "image makers" and "image takers". What is the difference between these two groups of artists? How are they perceived differently?

10. What did Sontag mean when she claimed that the memory of war is mostly local? What does this mean for international news firms?

(see the answer keys)

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