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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. According to Sontag, anti-war sentiment:
(a) Produced peace.
(b) Emerged in the arts across Europe after World War I.
(c) Was considered treasonous.
(d) Overcame the militarized frenzy of the war years.

2. The first war photographer, whose work garnered him the position as "official photographer" of the Crimean War, was which of the following?
(a) Roger Fenton.
(b) Edmund Gosse.
(c) Robert Capa.
(d) Ernst Friedrich.

3. At the end of World War II, a group of journalists formed Magnum Photo Agency. Which of the following photographers was not among them?
(a) David Seymour.
(b) Robert Capa.
(c) Henri Cartier-Bresson.
(d) Ernst Friedrich.

4. Sontag discusses the subtitle of "Here is New York" in some detail. What was this subtitle?
(a) "A City Mourns."
(b) "A Democracy of Images."
(c) "A Nation in Shock."
(d) "September 11th, 2001."

5. Sontag suggests that the camera always "kept company with _________".
(a) Art.
(b) War.
(c) Death.
(d) Life.

Short Answer Questions

1. Fenton's "The Valley of the Shadow of Death" is unique for which of the following reasons?

2. Sontag observes that "Here Is New York" had no need for captions, but suggests that:

3. Sontag notes that at the time Virginia Woolf wrote "Three Guineas," war journalism was different than it is now. How was it different?

4. Sontag suggests that a catastrophic event that is experienced in real life. . .

5. Which famous surrealist thinker does Sontag quote as saying "Beauty will be convulsive, or it will not be?"

Short Essay Questions

1. Sontag distinguished between "image makers" and "image takers". What is the difference between these two groups of artists? How are they perceived differently?

2. Discuss the controversy surrounding the kidnapping of Daniel Pearl in Karachi in 2002. What was the main conflict?

3. How do captions sway interpretations of images? Discuss one of the examples Sontag provides in Chapter 1.

4. According to Sontag, how does a photograph in the news media differ from a written account? How does the audience change?

5. How did war journalism change during the Spanish Civil War (1936-39)? How did the coverage of this war more closely resemble modern media coverage of conflicts?

6. According to Sontag, how do mass Hollywood productions influence the public's perception of catastrophic or horrific events?

7. Sontag suggests that the same photograph might elicit "opposing responses." Discussing a specific example, explain how this might be possible.

8. Discuss the purpose of Virginia Woolf's "Three Guineas" as explained by Sontag, and explain why Sontag opens her book with this reference.

9. Sontag identified two types of censorship which affect war photography. Describe both types of censorship. Which is most influential?

10. Sontag asserted that "cameras have always kept company with death." What did she mean by this assertion?

(see the answer keys)

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