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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The Brady war pictures were taken of which of the following wars?
(a) The Crimean War.
(b) The Spanish Civil War.
(c) The American Civil War.
(d) World War I.

2. In discussing the difference gender makes in perceptions of war, Sontag agrees with which of the following authors?
(a) Joyce Carol Oates.
(b) Henry James.
(c) Tyler Hicks.
(d) Virginia Woolf.

3. Although the camera captures the scene in front of it, Sontag suggests that the ______ may manipulate the image.
(a) Press.
(b) Media.
(c) Editor.
(d) Photographer.

4. Fenton's "The Valley of the Shadow of Death" is unique for which of the following reasons?
(a) It requires hours of production and setup.
(b) It ignores the directions from the War Office.
(c) It provides a uniquely poignant depiction of the horror of war.
(d) It is the only photograph in his collection that did not need to be staged.

5. Sontag suggests that the camera always "kept company with _________".
(a) War.
(b) Art.
(c) Life.
(d) Death.

Short Answer Questions

1. The conflicts in the Balkans in the 1990s stood out to many onlookers for which of the following reasons?

2. Sontag observes that "Here Is New York" had no need for captions, but suggests that:

3. Sontag notes that at the time Virginia Woolf wrote "Three Guineas," war journalism was different than it is now. How was it different?

4. The footage from a 1898 charge of Colonel Roosevelt's volunteer cavalry, the Rough Riders, was replaced with film of a staged charge later for which of the following reasons?

5. Which was the first war to be "covered" by professional war journalists at the front lines?

Short Essay Questions

1. Discuss the significance of "Here is New York," the exhibit of photographs taken on September 11th during the collapse of the World Trade Center.

2. Discuss the significance of Eddie Adams' photograph of the execution of a suspected Vietcong agent. What did Sontag say was particularly striking about this image and the circumstances of its creation?

3. Sontag stated that the photographer's intentions do not determine the message of the photograph. Discuss the contributing factors which influence the reception of photographs in the media.

4. How did war journalism change during the Spanish Civil War (1936-39)? How did the coverage of this war more closely resemble modern media coverage of conflicts?

5. How do captions sway interpretations of images? Discuss one of the examples Sontag provides in Chapter 1.

6. Discuss the controversy surrounding the kidnapping of Daniel Pearl in Karachi in 2002. What was the main conflict?

7. According to Sontag, how are standards for journalism determined in an era of tele-controlled warfare?

8. Discuss the significance of the Magnum Photo Agency, founded in Paris in 1947. What was the group initially founded to do? How did they influence the development of photojournalism?

9. Sontag asserted that "cameras have always kept company with death." What did she mean by this assertion?

10. Explain the connection Sontag made between religious narratives and iconography and the Western understanding of images of suffering. Discuss at least one example from the text.

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