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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Sontag lists many effects of photographs depicting war victims. Which of the following was not one of the effects she lists?
(a) "They create the illusion of consensus."
(b) "They simplify."
(c) "They inspire."
(d) "They reiterate."

2. Goya's "Los Desastres de la Guerra" (The Disasters of War) was a series of etchings published in 1863. Which of the following events does this series depict?
(a) Napoleon's invasion of Spain.
(b) World War I.
(c) The Spanish Civil War.
(d) The bombing of Guernica.

3. Sontag discusses the use of images of the dead to bolster hatred of the enemy. Which of the following recent events, aired on the Al Jazeera network, does she use as an example?
(a) The destruction of the Word Trade Center in 2001.
(b) The invasion of Iraq in 2003.
(c) The hanging of Sadam Hussein.
(d) The destruction of the Jenin refugee camp in 2002.

4. According to Sontag, anti-war sentiment:
(a) Emerged in the arts across Europe after World War I.
(b) Produced peace.
(c) Overcame the militarized frenzy of the war years.
(d) Was considered treasonous.

5. According to Sontag, photojournalism was used post-9/11 to:
(a) Promote messages of peace and pacificism.
(b) Inform the public of the event.
(c) Increase support for military action.
(d) Increase sensitivity toward Middle-Eastern Americans.

6. U.S. bombing of Afghanistan was conducted remotely from which of the following locations?
(a) Quantico, Virginia.
(b) Washington, D.C.
(c) Tampa, Florida
(d) The Pentagon.

7. Sontag, confirming Walter Lippmann's assertion, argues that photography replaced which of the following media for representing the truth?
(a) Scientific studies.
(b) Eye-witness testimonies.
(c) Religious texts such as the Bible.
(d) Artistic representations such as paintings or drawings.

8. Sontag mentions many factors which influence the way audiences receive war photography. Which of the following was NOT one of those factors?
(a) Status.
(b) Gender.
(c) Culture.
(d) Age.

9. Which antiwar book which shows images from German military archives does Sontag reference?
(a) J'accuse.
(b) The Face of War.
(c) Krieg dem Kriege!
(d) Three Guinneas.

10. Sontag claims that "good taste" is always _________ when invoked by institutions.
(a) A way to maintain appearances.
(b) A repressive standard.
(c) A decision made in the interest of freedom.
(d) A measure to protect the public.

11. Sontag argues that Woolf's view, like many other "antiwar polemicists" is:
(a) Out-dated.
(b) Narrow-minded.
(c) Idealistic.
(d) Generic.

12. Although the camera captures the scene in front of it, Sontag suggests that the ______ may manipulate the image.
(a) Press.
(b) Media.
(c) Editor.
(d) Photographer.

13. Which of the following pairs of images appeared side-by-side in a 1937 issue of "Life"?
(a) A mother holding her child while looking at the sky and Vitalis men's hair cream.
(b) A dying Republican soldier and a mother holding her child while looking at the sky.
(c) A dying Republican soldier and Vitalis men's hair cream.
(d) The bombing of Guernica and Vitalis men's hair cream.

14. Images of the Gulf War were filtered to portray the "techno war." The public was exposed to only those images that portrayed which of the following sentiments?
(a) Wondrous technological advancements.
(b) American military mercy.
(c) Savagery of conventional warfare, compared to American techno war.
(d) American military superiority over the enemy.

15. The footage from a 1898 charge of Colonel Roosevelt's volunteer cavalry, the Rough Riders, was replaced with film of a staged charge later for which of the following reasons?
(a) The lighting on the day of the event was insufficient.
(b) The photographer lost the film reel.
(c) The footage of the actual event was not dramatic enough.
(d) Colonel Roosevelt was unsatisfied with the footage.

Short Answer Questions

1. In interpreting photographs, Sontag claims that everyone approaches the image as which of the following?

2. Sontag argues that the most extensive kind of censorship is which of the following?

3. Sontag suggests that a catastrophic event that is experienced in real life. . .

4. Sontag argues that we are most disappointed to discover that which type of photographs have been staged?

5. Sontag discusses one year in European history in which the photograph was able to truly capture the nature of human atrocities. Which year was it?

(see the answer keys)

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