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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Images of the Gulf War were filtered to portray the "techno war." The public was exposed to only those images that portrayed which of the following sentiments?
(a) Wondrous technological advancements.
(b) Savagery of conventional warfare, compared to American techno war.
(c) American military superiority over the enemy.
(d) American military mercy.

2. Sontag claims that American journalists have always followed one tacit prohibition. What have American journalists always avoided?
(a) Printing images of the faces of American dead.
(b) Printing images of mass American casualties.
(c) Printing images of suffering women and children.
(d) Printing images of American-committed war crimes.

3. Which antiwar book which shows images from German military archives does Sontag reference?
(a) Three Guinneas.
(b) J'accuse.
(c) The Face of War.
(d) Krieg dem Kriege!

4. Sontag argues that witnessing war atrocities from afar is a unique experience characteristic of:
(a) The early 19th century.
(b) The modern world.
(c) Eastern countries.
(d) Western countries.

5. Sontag describes a famous photograph from the Spanish Civil War in which two things occur simultaneously. What are those two things?
(a) A shot was fired and a soldier fell.
(b) A soldier was shot and the commander surrendered.
(c) The photograph was snapped and the soldier was hit by a bullet.
(d) A boy died and a helicopter landed.

6. "The Killing Fields" depicts which of the following?
(a) The mass deaths during the Spanish Civil War.
(b) The dead and dying of the Korean War.
(c) The casualties of Bunker Hill.
(d) The atrocities committed by the Khmer Rouge.

7. Sontag discusses one year in European history in which the photograph was able to truly capture the nature of human atrocities. Which year was it?
(a) 1912.
(b) 1945.
(c) 1902.
(d) 1975.

8. According to Sontag, "to photograph is to frame, and to frame is to _______".
(a) Alter.
(b) Exclude.
(c) Highlight.
(d) Include.

9. According to Sontag, why do images of atrocities fail to convey a singular, universal message?
(a) They are too graphic.
(b) They inspire only disgust.
(c) They are inappropriate for mass publication.
(d) They require context and explanation.

10. Sontag lists many effects of photographs depicting war victims. Which of the following was not one of the effects she lists?
(a) "They create the illusion of consensus."
(b) "They reiterate."
(c) "They inspire."
(d) "They simplify."

11. After World War I, the general public thought of the War as:
(a) The war to end all wars.
(b) A hopeless waste of human energy and life.
(c) An atrocity committed on the world stage.
(d) A clean, necessary and effectively fought war.

12. Faced with "information overload," people remember a photograph because it is a quick way of storing information, much like which of the following strategies?
(a) Quotations, mnenics and memory games.
(b) Jingles, mnemonics and rhymes.
(c) Quotations, maxims and proverbs.
(d) Maxims, proverbs and songs.

13. A heated debate emerged when a weekly paper in Boston ran a video of which American journalist's execution in Pakistan?
(a) Don McCullin.
(b) Ariel Sharon.
(c) Daniel Pearl.
(d) Eddie Adams.

14. Sontag, confirming Walter Lippmann's assertion, argues that photography replaced which of the following media for representing the truth?
(a) Scientific studies.
(b) Religious texts such as the Bible.
(c) Artistic representations such as paintings or drawings.
(d) Eye-witness testimonies.

15. Sontag compares the desire for images of people in pain to which other recurrent type of image?
(a) Images of happiness.
(b) Images of love.
(c) Images of nude bodies.
(d) Images of natural disasters.

Short Answer Questions

1. Which of the following was NOT true of the "Here Is New York" exhibit?

2. Sontag mentions many factors which influence the way audiences receive war photography. Which of the following was NOT one of those factors?

3. The Brady group's approach to war photography differed from Fenton's approach in which of the following ways?

4. In discussing the difference gender makes in perceptions of war, Sontag agrees with which of the following authors?

5. Sontag argues that creating lasting interest in war image requires which of the following?

(see the answer keys)

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