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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Sontag suggests that a catastrophic event that is experienced in real life. . .
(a) "does not often seem to be happening."
(b) "will often seem eerily like its representation."
(c) "induces more stress when it is televised."
(d) "causes greater pain than one that is experienced on television."

2. Which was the first war to be "covered" by professional war journalists at the front lines?
(a) World War II.
(b) The Spanish Civil War.
(c) The American Civil War.
(d) World War I.

3. Which of the following is true about representations of the dead or dying in American media?
(a) American journalism favors American subjects, often overlooking people in "remote" places.
(b) American news media applies the same standards of decency to all victims, regardless of country of origin.
(c) The faces of the dead and dying from "exotic" places are more likely to be shown.
(d) FCC laws prohibit the printing of images including the faces of war victims.

4. In interpreting photographs, Sontag claims that everyone approaches the image as which of the following?
(a) A realist.
(b) An idealist.
(c) A literalist.
(d) A critic.

5. Which of the following magazines was NOT devoted entirely to photography?
(a) Picture Post.
(b) Life.
(c) National Geographic.
(d) Vu.

6. The protagonist of J'Accuse, the 1938 anti-war film, cries out which of the following in German and in English?
(a) "The horror!"
(b) "The face of war!"
(c) "Your sacrifices were in vain!"
(d) "War is ugly!"

7. The Brady war pictures were taken of which of the following wars?
(a) The Spanish Civil War.
(b) World War I.
(c) The Crimean War.
(d) The American Civil War.

8. According to Sontag, why do images of atrocities fail to convey a singular, universal message?
(a) They are too graphic.
(b) They inspire only disgust.
(c) They require context and explanation.
(d) They are inappropriate for mass publication.

9. According to Sontag, "to photograph is to frame, and to frame is to _______".
(a) Alter.
(b) Exclude.
(c) Highlight.
(d) Include.

10. At the end of World War II, a group of journalists formed Magnum Photo Agency. Which of the following photographers was not among them?
(a) Henri Cartier-Bresson.
(b) Robert Capa.
(c) Ernst Friedrich.
(d) David Seymour.

11. How many images did the "Here Is New York" exhibit originally receive?
(a) More than one million.
(b) Less than one hundred.
(c) More than one thousand.
(d) Less five hundred.

12. Which painting does Sontag "find it difficult" to look at?
(a) Callot's "The Miseries and Misfortunes of War."
(b) Picasso's "Guernica."
(c) Titian's painting of the flaying of Marsyas.
(d) Da Vinci's "The Last Supper."

13. Sontag argues that Woolf's view, like many other "antiwar polemicists" is:
(a) Generic.
(b) Out-dated.
(c) Narrow-minded.
(d) Idealistic.

14. The first war photographer, whose work garnered him the position as "official photographer" of the Crimean War, was which of the following?
(a) Robert Capa.
(b) Roger Fenton.
(c) Edmund Gosse.
(d) Ernst Friedrich.

15. Ultimately, Sontag claims that war is:
(a) Horrific.
(b) Perennial.
(c) Tragic.
(d) Avoidable.

Short Answer Questions

1. Which famous surrealist thinker does Sontag quote as saying "Beauty will be convulsive, or it will not be?"

2. Sontag argues that witnessing war atrocities from afar is a unique experience characteristic of:

3. According to Sontag, photojournalism was used post-9/11 to:

4. Sontag notes that images of war most significantly influenced which of the following groups?

5. Which of the following pairs of images appeared side-by-side in a 1937 issue of "Life"?

(see the answer keys)

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