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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Sontag mentions many factors which influence the way audiences receive war photography. Which of the following was NOT one of those factors?
(a) Gender.
(b) Culture.
(c) Status.
(d) Age.

2. Sontag argues that creating lasting interest in war image requires which of the following?
(a) A plethora of shocking images.
(b) A reputation for cutting-edge journalism.
(c) A brave star witness.
(d) A large budget from advertising.

3. Which was the first war to be covered by television cameras?
(a) The War on Terror.
(b) The Vietnam War.
(c) The Korean War.
(d) Desert Storm.

4. Sontag claims that American journalists have always followed one tacit prohibition. What have American journalists always avoided?
(a) Printing images of mass American casualties.
(b) Printing images of suffering women and children.
(c) Printing images of American-committed war crimes.
(d) Printing images of the faces of American dead.

5. According to Sontag, war journalism first developed during which of the following two wars?
(a) The Crimean War and the American Civil War.
(b) World War I and World War II.
(c) The American Revolution and the American Civil War.
(d) World War II and the Vietnam War.

6. Sontag argues that witnessing war atrocities from afar is a unique experience characteristic of:
(a) The early 19th century.
(b) The modern world.
(c) Western countries.
(d) Eastern countries.

7. Sontag argues that a photograph by which of these photographers triggered mass outcry against the Vietnam War?
(a) Robert Capa.
(b) Henri Cartier-Bresson.
(c) Ernst Friedrich.
(d) Larry Burroughs.

8. Sontag suggests that a catastrophic event that is experienced in real life. . .
(a) "will often seem eerily like its representation."
(b) "causes greater pain than one that is experienced on television."
(c) "does not often seem to be happening."
(d) "induces more stress when it is televised."

9. According to Sontag, photographs of atrocities are best received if they are:
(a) Images of familiar places or people.
(b) So artistically simple as to seem uncomposed.
(c) Close-ups of compelling scenes.
(d) Well-lit and high-contrast.

10. Discussing the "co-spectatorship" and "indecency" of the image of the Vietcong suspect's execution, Sontag asserts which of the following?
(a) The presence of journalists was an invasion of the executed man's privacy.
(b) The photographer arranged the execution in advance.
(c) The shooting would not have occurred in the absence of journalists to record it.
(d) General Loan was unaware of the cameras at the time of the execution.

11. Sontag lists many effects of photographs depicting war victims. Which of the following was not one of the effects she lists?
(a) "They simplify."
(b) "They reiterate."
(c) "They create the illusion of consensus."
(d) "They inspire."

12. Sontag argues that we are most disappointed to discover that which type of photographs have been staged?
(a) Images depicting spontaneous events.
(b) Images depicting everyday life.
(c) Images depicting intimate climaxes.
(d) Images depicting gory battle scenes.

13. Which of the following pairs of images appeared side-by-side in a 1937 issue of "Life"?
(a) The bombing of Guernica and Vitalis men's hair cream.
(b) A mother holding her child while looking at the sky and Vitalis men's hair cream.
(c) A dying Republican soldier and a mother holding her child while looking at the sky.
(d) A dying Republican soldier and Vitalis men's hair cream.

14. Sontag describes the way people experienced televised images of war in their own homes as which of the following?
(a) Mediated intimacy.
(b) Comfortable distance.
(c) Diplomatic distance.
(d) Tele-intimacy.

15. Sontag describes a famous photograph from the Spanish Civil War in which two things occur simultaneously. What are those two things?
(a) A shot was fired and a soldier fell.
(b) The photograph was snapped and the soldier was hit by a bullet.
(c) A soldier was shot and the commander surrendered.
(d) A boy died and a helicopter landed.

Short Answer Questions

1. Which antiwar book which shows images from German military archives does Sontag reference?

2. Which of the following was NOT true of the "Here Is New York" exhibit?

3. Sontag claims that images of suffering in Africa send a double message. Which of the following best represents that message?

4. Which technological advancement changed the way war was photographed after World War I?

5. Recalling traditions of the 16th and 17th century, Sontag claims that printing images of dark-skinned people in moments of suffering or pain is part of a long tradition of which of the following?

(see the answer keys)

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