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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The mass media bombarded viewers with shocking images because:
(a) People secretly enjoy images of mass destruction.
(b) They were more likely to stand out from the countless images people saw every day.
(c) These images received the highest interest ratings in viewer polls.
(d) The public demanded the uncensored truth.

2. In discussing the difference gender makes in perceptions of war, Sontag agrees with which of the following authors?
(a) Virginia Woolf.
(b) Henry James.
(c) Tyler Hicks.
(d) Joyce Carol Oates.

3. Sontag suggests that a catastrophic event that is experienced in real life. . .
(a) "induces more stress when it is televised."
(b) "will often seem eerily like its representation."
(c) "causes greater pain than one that is experienced on television."
(d) "does not often seem to be happening."

4. Which of the following included close-up images of soldiers wounded by war in his/her 1938 film?
(a) Abel Gance.
(b) Virginia Woolf.
(c) Ernst Friedrich.
(d) Anonymous.

5. Fenton received directions from the War Office to do which of the following?
(a) Avoid photographing the ill, wounded, dying and dead.
(b) Graphically depict the horrors of war.
(c) Glorify war through patriotic images.
(d) Generate propaganda for Britain.

6. How many images did the "Here Is New York" exhibit originally receive?
(a) More than one thousand.
(b) Less than one hundred.
(c) More than one million.
(d) Less five hundred.

7. Sontag references an agreement in which the United States, France, Great Britain, Germany, Italy and Japan came together to renounce war. What is the name of this agreement?
(a) The Treaty of Versailles.
(b) The Treaty of Brandenburg.
(c) Kellogg-Briad Pact of 1928.
(d) The Non-Aggression Pact of 1937.

8. Sontag notes that images of war most significantly influenced which of the following groups?
(a) Governing officials making war decisions.
(b) Artists whose work centers on conscientious objection.
(c) Those who had never experienced war first-hand.
(d) Those who had experienced war, and were suffering from post-traumatic stress.

9. Which technological advancement changed the way war was photographed after World War I?
(a) Transportation.
(b) Lightweight cameras.
(c) Lighting equipment.
(d) Weaponry.

10. The Brady group's approach to war photography differed from Fenton's approach in which of the following ways?
(a) The Brady group was commissioned by the government, while Fenton was not.
(b) The Brady group photographed the war without government permission, while Fenton had permission for his work.
(c) The Brady group was not commissioned by the government, while Fenton was.
(d) The Brady group had permission to access the fields, while Fenton did not.

11. Sontag argues that Woolf's view, like many other "antiwar polemicists" is:
(a) Narrow-minded.
(b) Generic.
(c) Idealistic.
(d) Out-dated.

12. Faced with "information overload," people remember a photograph because it is a quick way of storing information, much like which of the following strategies?
(a) Quotations, mnenics and memory games.
(b) Jingles, mnemonics and rhymes.
(c) Quotations, maxims and proverbs.
(d) Maxims, proverbs and songs.

13. Who took the infamous image of Brigadier General Nguyen Ngoc Loan executing a Vietcong suspect in the street?
(a) Timothy O'Sullivan.
(b) Roger Fenton.
(c) Eddie Adams.
(d) Roger Capa.

14. Sontag, confirming Walter Lippmann's assertion, argues that photography replaced which of the following media for representing the truth?
(a) Scientific studies.
(b) Artistic representations such as paintings or drawings.
(c) Eye-witness testimonies.
(d) Religious texts such as the Bible.

15. Sontag argues that witnessing war atrocities from afar is a unique experience characteristic of:
(a) The early 19th century.
(b) Western countries.
(c) Eastern countries.
(d) The modern world.

Short Answer Questions

1. The protagonist of J'Accuse, the 1938 anti-war film, cries out which of the following in German and in English?

2. Which Virginia Woolf book does Sontag discuss in detail?

3. Which of the following was NOT true of the "Here Is New York" exhibit?

4. Recalling traditions of the 16th and 17th century, Sontag claims that printing images of dark-skinned people in moments of suffering or pain is part of a long tradition of which of the following?

5. Sontag claims that Jacques Callot's 1633 painting, "The Miseries and Misfortunes of War" was unprecedented for which of the following reasons?

(see the answer keys)

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