Flourished Circa 2500-2350 B.C.E.
Physician

Female Doctors. During the Old Kingdom (circa 2675-2130 B.C.E.) women occupied some specialized positions and even achieved supervisory status in a few cases. Women worked as singers, musicians, dancers, weavers, midwives, priestesses, and scribes. Hundreds of women, however, became physicians and some even attained positions of authority. This fact does not seem strange, as the patron god for physicians was Sekmet, a vengeful lioness (a woman with the head of a lion) deity who could send or remove disease and was often depicted with a mirror upon her head. Physicians were not only responsible for the physical healing, such as through surgery, but they also combined religion and magic, natural healing, and diet in their medical plan.

Supervisor. One such woman, probably from a wealthy family, was Peseshet, a physician who attained the title of "Overseer of the...