{64} Kay, loc. cit., p. 32.

{65} P. Gaskell.  “The Manufacturing Population of England:  its Moral, Social and Physical Condition, and the Changes which have arisen from the Use of Steam Machinery; with an Examination of Infant Labour.”  “Fiat Justitia,” 1833.—­Depicting chiefly the state of the working-class in Lancashire.  The author is a Liberal, but wrote at a time when it was not a feature of Liberalism to chant the happiness of the workers.  He is therefore unprejudiced, and can afford to have eyes for the evils of the present state of things, and especially for the factory system.  On the other hand, he wrote before the Factories Enquiry Commission, and adopts from untrustworthy sources many assertions afterwards refuted by the Report of the Commission.  This work, although on the whole a valuable one, can therefore only be used with discretion, especially as the author, like Kay, confuses the whole working-class with the mill hands.  The history of the development of the proletariat contained in the introduction to the present work, is chiefly taken from this work of Gaskell’s.

{67} Thomas Carlyle.  “Chartism,” London, 1840, p. 28.

{80} Adam Smith.  “Wealth of Nations” I., McCulloch’s edition in one volume, sect. 8, p. 36:  “The wear and tear of a slave, it has been said, is at the expense of his master, but that of a free servant is at his own expense.  The wear and tear of the latter, however, is, in reality, as much at the expense of his master as that of the former.  The wages paid to journeymen and servants of every kind, must be such as may enable them, one with another, to continue the race of journeymen and servants, according as the increasing, diminishing, or stationary demand of the society may happen to require.  But though the wear and tear of a free servant be equally at the expense of his master, it generally costs him much less than that of a slave.  The fund for replacing or repairing, if I may say so, the wear and tear of the slave, is commonly managed by a negligent master or careless overseer.”

{87} And it came in 1847.

{90a} Archibald Alison.  “Principles of Population and their Connection with Human Happiness,” two vols., 1840.  This Alison is the historian of the French Revolution, and, like his brother, Dr. W. P. Alison, a religious Tory.

{90b} “Chartism,” pp. 28, 31, etc.

{95} When as here and elsewhere I speak of society as a responsible whole, having rights and duties, I mean, of course, the ruling power of society, the class which at present holds social and political control, and bears, therefore, the responsibility for the condition of those to whom it grants no share in such control.  This ruling class in England, as in all other civilised countries, is the bourgeoisie.  But that this society, and especially the bourgeoisie, is charged with the duty of protecting every member of society, at least, in his life, to see to it, for example, that no one starves, I need not now prove to my German readers.  If I were writing for the English bourgeoisie, the case would be different. (And so it is now in Germany.  Our German capitalists are fully up to the English level, in this respect at least, in the year of grace, 1886.)