[565:4] The tendency of “Church principles” to terminate in the recognition of a universal bishop has appeared in modern as well as in ancient times.  “What other step,” says a noble author, “remains to stand between those who held those principles and Rome? Only one: that the priesthood so constituted, invested with such powers, is organized under one head—­a Pope....The space to be traversed in arriving at it is so narrow, and so unimpeded by any positive barrier, either of logic or of feeling, that the slightest influence of sentiment or imagination, of weakness or of superstition, is sufficient to draw men across.”—­Letter from the Duke of Argyll to the Bishop of Oxford, p. 23.  London, Moxon, 1851.

[566:1] Tertullian says that John, as well as Peter and Paul, had been in Rome.  “De Praescrip.” xxxvi.

[567:1] “Contra Haeres.” iii. c. iii.  Sec. 2.

[567:2] “Maximae et antiquissimae et omnibus cognitae, a gloriosissimis duobus apostolis Petro et Paulo Romae fundatae et constitutae ecclesiae.”—­Irenaeus, iii. c. iii.  Sec. 2.

[567:3] We find this designation in some of the early canons.  See Bunsen’s “Hippolytus,” iii. 50.

[567:4] Euseb. v. 24.

[568:1] See the statement of Cyprian in the Council of Carthage, “Opera,” p. 597; and Jerome, in his Epistle to Evangelus, “Opera,” iv. secund. pars. p. 803.

[568:2] “Pontifex scilicet Maximus, quod est episcopus episcoporum, edicit:  Ego et moechiae et fornicationis delicta poenitentia functis dimitto.”—­Tertullian, De Pudicitia, c. 1.  “Neque enim quisquam nostrum episcopum se esse episcoporum constituit.”—­Cyprian, Con.  Car., Opera, 597.

[569:1] “Ecclesiae catholicae radicem et matricem.”—­Epist. xlv. p. 133.

[569:2] “Navigare audent et ad Petri cathedram atque ad ecclesiam principalem unde unitas sacerdotalis exorta est.”—­Epist. lv. p. 183.  “Nam Petro primum Dominus, super quem aedificavit ecclesiam, et unde unitatis originem instituit et ostendit, potestatem istam dedit.”—­Epist. lxxiii. p. 280.  See also Epist. lxx.-"Una ecclesia a Christo Domino super Petrum origine unitatis et ratione fundata.”

[570:1] The word catholic first occurs in the Epistle of the Church of Smyrna giving an account of the martyrdom of Polycarp, but that letter was probably not written until at least twenty years after the event which it records.  See Period II. sec. i. chap. iv. p. 337.  It is remarkable that the word is not found in Irenaeus, or used by his Latin interpreter.  The pastor of Lyons, however, recognizes the distinction indicated by the word catholic, for he speaks of the ecclesiastici or churchmen, and of those “qui sunt undique.”  Stieren’s “Irenaeus,” i. 430, 502, note.  The word catholic was obviously quite current in the time of Tertullian.

[570:2] Particularly Matt. xvi. 18.  Clemens Alexandrinus says that our Lord baptized Peter only, and that Peter then baptized other apostles.  See Kaye’s “Clement,” p. 442; and Bunsen’s “Analecta Antenic.” i. p. 317.  See also Origen, “Opera,” ii. 245; and Firmilian’s “Epistle.”