Research Article: Ice Ages

The ice ages were periods in Earth's history during which significant portions of the earth's surface were covered by glaciers and extensive fields of ice. Scientists often use more specific terms for an ice "age" depending on the length of time it lasts. It appears that over the long expanse of Earth history, seven major periods of severe cooling have occurred. These periods are often known as ice eras and, except for the last of these, are not very well understood.

What is known is that the earth's average annual temperature varies constantly from year to year, from decade to decade, and from century to century. During some periods, that average annual temperature has dropped to low enough levels for fields of ice to grow and cover large regions of the earth's surface. The seven ice eras have covered an average of about 50 million years each.

The ice era...
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