Bigsby, C. W. E., "Improvising America: Ralph Ellison and the Paradox of Form," in Speaking for You: The Vision of Ralph Ellison, edited by Kimberly W. Benston, Howard University Press, 1987, p. 137.

Elliot, George P., "Portrait of a Man on His Own," in New York Times Book Review, October 25, 1964.

Staples, Brent, "Indivisible Man," in New York Times Book Review, May 12, 1996.

Wright, John, "Slipping the Yoke," in Speaking for You: The Vision of Ralph Ellison, edited by Kimberly W. Benston, Howard University Press, 1987, p. 65.