Family Solidarity

The Kawashima family must pull together for mutual survival. Mother starts out as the strong unifying force, and later in the story, Ko takes over Mother's role after her death. At the same time, Yoko grows up quickly and becomes Ko's ally and friend, not just a whining little sister.

Hideyo's remarkable survival and recovery, as he tries to unite with his family illustrates just how strong the Kawashima family solidarity is. This solidarity comes from the mutual threat of the Korean Communists, but more needs to be in place, such as mutual respect and love, the foundations of a healthy family. The Japanese customs of showing respect for one another help, yet without sincerely felt fondness for one another, the family unit could disintegrate from the pressures of war and being refugees.

Courage and Endurance

Surviving in wartime and poverty takes grit. Mother lives until she...