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Space weather describes the conditions in space that affect Earth and its technological systems. Space weather is a consequence of the behavior of
| GEOMAGNETIC STORMS | ||||
| Category | Effect | Physical measure | Average Frequency (1 cycle = 11 years) | |
| Scale | Descriptor | Duration of event will influence severity of effects | Kp values* determined every 3 hours | Number of storm events when Kp level was met; (number of storm days) |
| G 5 | Extreme | Power systems: widespread voltage control problems and protective system problems can occur, some grid systems may experience complete collapse or blackouts. Transformers may experience damage. | Kp=9 | 4 per cycle (4 days per cycle) |
| Spacecraft operations: may experience extensive surface charging, problems with orientation, uplink/downlink and tracking satellites. | ||||
| Other systems: pipeline currents can reach hundreds of amps, HF (high frequency) radio propagation may be impossible in many areas for one to two days, satellite navigation may be degraded for days, low-frequency radio navigation can be... | ||||
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This section contains 1,339 words (approx. 5 pages at 300 words per page) |
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