Fraunhofer lines are dark absorption lines in the solar spectrum that can be seen when sunlight is passed through a prism to separate it into the colors of the rainbow. They occur because cooler gas, which is higher in the Sun's atmosphere, absorbs some colors of the light emitted by hotter gas lower in the Sun's atmosphere. Sir Isaac Newton discovered that if white light is passed through a prism, it separates into a rainbow, which is called a spectrum. While studying the spectrum that sunlight made, Joseph von Fraunhofer discovered some dark lines scattered among the colors. These dark lines were segments of colors missing from the complete spectrum. Fraunhofer counted 574 of these lines, which we now call Fraunhofer lines. Today, using much more sophisticated techniques, astronomers have discovered tens of thousands of Fraunhofer lines. Why doesn't the Sun emit these missing colors? Or, if...