Glorious Past. The grandeur of ancient Africa has been revealed in discoveries about its large and prosperous empires, efficient governing systems, major architectural projects, scientific and artistic advancements, and valuable mineral resources. Much attention has been focused on ancient Egypt, Kush, and Meroe, but all parts of Africa contributed to its cultural heritage. West Africa is known, among other things, for its state building. Between 400 and 1600 powerful empires such as Ghana, Mali, Songhai, Bornu, and Benin exerted widespread influence. Their rise to prominence was based on factors including astute political leadership, effective and efficient bureaucracies, wellorganized armies, and strong economies.

Historians, Empires, and Kingdoms. Large empires and kingdoms tend to capture the imagination of historians because these political systems are more likely than small states to leave behind records of their accomplishments in sources such as oral traditions and epics, archaeological evidence, and written records of traders, travelers...